Індивідуальна робота студентів

Development of the English Vocabulary from the 12^th to 19^th c. (former Lecture 9)

Відмінне виконання завдання – 5 балів.

Самостійна робота студентів

1. Вивчення розвитку синтаксичної системи в середньоанглійській та новоанглійській мові (Rastorgueva T.A. A History of English. – M., 1983. – P. 277-295).– 5 балів.

2. Вивчення класифікації діалектів англійської мови в Британії та США (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language або http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/dialectsofenglish.html) – 5 балів.

Helpful Information:

Middle English Syntax

• adjective before noun (erthely servaunt)

• articles: indefinite article (a/an) derived from numeral “one”

• isolated possessive marker (the raven is neste)

• analytic possessive (of)

• group possessive (the Duke's place of Lancastre)

• double possessive (obligacion of myn)

• noun adjuncts (perselly rotes, fenell rotes)

• negative ne before verb (I nolde fange)

• double negatives freely used

• prepositions before objects; sometimes followed if object was pronoun

(he seyde him to).

Verb phrases: origin of compound verb phrases; perfect tense became common, use of auxiliaries (be & have); progressive tense came into being; passive constructions (with ‘be’ as auxiliary); future tense (with shall and will auxiliaries); modal auxiliaries instead of subjunctive (may, might, be going to, be about to); do in periphrastic constructions indicating tense (doth serve); impersonal verbs and dummy subjects (me thristed, hit me likede).

Clauses: trend toward modern word order, SVO (Subject+Verb+Object) in affirmative independent clauses; VSO in questions and imperatives.

New English Syntax

Possessive and demonstrative adjectives sometimes used together (that their opinion); adjectives sometimes allowed to follow noun (faith invincible, line royal); increased use of noun adjuncts (sugar almonds, merchant goods).

Adverbial Modifiers:

tendency to place adverbial modifier before words modified (is again come); double negatives still acceptable.

Verb Phrases:

full-fledged perfect tense, be as auxiliary for verbs of motion (he is happily arrived); have displacing be as auxiliary; reduction of have to schwa in speech (should a return'd); progressive tense use increased; periphrastic use of do (I do weep, doth heavier grow); do as auxiliary in questions and negatives (I doubt it not, why do you look on me?); phrasal quasi-modals: be going to, have to, be about to; some continued use of impersonal constructions (it likes me not, this fears me, methinks) but former impersonal verbs were more often used personally with a nominative subject.

Syntax in clauses:

• more flexibility than today

• SVO order regular in independent and dependent declarative clauses

• SOV acceptable for pronoun objects and for emphasis (as the law should them direct, Richard that dead is)

• VSO in questions and conditional statements (how hast thou offended?, Were he my kinsman ...); imperatives often had expressed subject (go, my servant, to the kitchen; do thou but call my resolution wise)

• OSV or OVS used to emphasize object.

Syntax of sentences:

influence of Latin, “elegant English,” long sentences featuring subordination, parallelism, balanced clauses; bus also native tradition, parataxis, use of coordinators (but, and, for).