7. Work in pairs. Match numbered words with their meanings marked with letters.

Nouns		12. regula­tion	l.rule	9. dispense		i. sell
1. emission	a. discharge	13. substi­tute	m. replacement	10. take action		j. react
2. conservation	b. preservation	14. advocacy	n. support	Adjectives and Adverbs
3. dead­line	c. closing date	15. substance	o. matter	1. stringent		a. severe
4. income tax	d. tax on money that one earns	Verbs		2. customary		b. usual
		1.comply with	a. obey	3. consequently		c. as a result
5. public hearing	e. meeting to explain a new law to public	2. affect	b. have an effect on	4. exempt		d. not having to pay a tax on something
6. revenue	f. income	3. testify	c. give evidence	5.gastrointestinal		e. stomach and guts
7. testimony	g. evidence	4. administer	d. manage	6. subsequent		f. following
8.lobbying group	h. pressure group	5. collect	e. gather	7. revised		g. modified
9. spouse	i. husband or wife	6. refer to	f. call	8. mandatory		h. obligatory
10. consumer	j. buyer	7. implement	g. put into practice	9. banned		i. forbidden
11. mandate	k. authorization	8. apply	h. use

8. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below with the numbered words in exercise 7.

Many_________ (a) organ­izations believe we need more _________ (b) rules for the _________ (c) com­ing from automobile tailpipes. As it turned out, light-duty trucks had been _________ (d) from the rules imposed on automobiles, though they emitted more pol­lution than passenger cars. The conservationists wanted to make vehicle manufacturers _________ (e) the rules. However, in _________ (f) public _________ (g), the producers _________ (h) that they were unable to make all necessary changes before the proposed _________ (i).

In the United States an _________ (j) tax on its citizens is_________ (k) by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), but the system for _________ (l) tax _________ (m) may be _________ (n) by American taxpayers. Before the tax laws are adopted, there is much discussion and _________ (o) from citizens, businesses, and _________ (p) groups. The set of tax laws is _________ (q) as the Internal Revenue Code, but IRS also issues _________ (r) to explain how the laws are _________ (s). For example, having studied the reports of a citizen organization on cases when divorced people were held responsible for the tax debts of their for­mer _________ (t), IRS, as part of its _________ (u) practice, issued a _________ (v) taxpayer IRS forms to best _________ (w) the law.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) _________ (x) recently resulted in a major regulatory change that _________ (y) many _________ (z). The FDA _________ (aa) after com­plaints about the labels on drugs _________ (w) with­out a doctor's prescription. _________ (ab), the FDA issued new _________ (w) regula­tions for drug makers. In another case health _________ (ac) groups _________ (ad) in public _________ (ae) that a fat _________ (af), the _________ (ag) called Olestra, should be _________ (ah) because it might cause _________ (ai) problems. FDA required manufacturers to include a warning about the possible side effects

9. Read the following paragraph on the instruments to provide transparency in the US government and then proceed to the task.

Through a federal statute, Freedom of Information Act, enacted in 1966, Americans can ask for copies of records maintained by various federal government agencies, departments, and the military. And through the Federal Register, a newspaper published every business day, Americans can read about rules or regulations that fed­eral agencies are proposing before they are adopted. The Freedom of Informat­ion Act and the Federal Register are two important tools that Americans use increasingly to foster trans­parency in government. The knowledge they receive from these sources frequently translates into changes in public policy.

You will hear the speaker talking abouthow citizen groups in the USA make a difference in three areas of daily life. As you listen, complete the information sheet for questions 1-22 below. Use 1-7 words for each gap. You will hear the recording twice.

A. The environment

Conservation organ­izations demanded to cancel exemptions for sport utility vehicles, minivans and light-duty trucks because ________________________________________________ (1)

The EPA issued regulations on more stringent pollu­tion standards in the year of ______________________________ (2)

For the first time, these regulations required that _________ (3)

Vehicle manufacturers couldn’t make the necessary changes before the proposed dead­lines because ________________ (4)