Vocabulary

Italy-Италия

Spain-Испания

France-Франция

Portugal-Португалия

Greece-Греция

China-Қытай

east-шығыс

nowadays-қазіргі таңда

village-ауыл

hot-ыстық

rain-жаңбыр

south-оңтүстік

sheep-қой

independent state-тэуелсіз мемлекет.

to believe-сену

guests- қонақтар

Questions:

Where is Kazakhstan situated? What is the longest river in Kazakhstan? Who founded the capital of Kazakhstan? When? What is the heart of Kazakhstan?

OUR HOLIDAYS PLANS

If you try to catch a train on 24^th of December you may have difficulty in finding a seat. This is the day when many people are travelling home to be with their families on Christ­mas Day' 25^th December. For most British families, this is the most important festival of the year, it combines the Christian celebration of the birth of Christ with the traditional festivities of winter.

On the Sunday before Christmas many service where special hymns are sung. Some­times carol-singers can be heard on the streets as charity. People are reminded of Charles Dickens' story 'Christmas Carol'. Most families decorate their houses with brightly-coloured paper or holly, and they usually have a Christmas tree in the corner of the front colored lights and the front room, glittering with colored lights and decorations.

There are a lot of traditions connected with Christmas but perhaps the most important one is the giving of presents. Family members wrap up their gifts and leave them at the bottom of the Christmas tree to be found on Christmas morning Children leave a long sock or stocking at the end of their beds on Christmas Eve, 24^th December, hoping that Father Christmas will come down the chimney during the night and bring them small pre­sents, fruit and nuts. They are usually not disappointed! At some time on Christmas Day the family will sit down to a big turkey dinner followed by Christmas pudding. They will proba­bly pull a cracker with another member of the family. It will make a loud crack and a coloured hat, small toy and joke will fall out!

Later in the afternoon they may watch the Queen on television _{aS s}he delivers her traditional Christmas message to the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. If they have room for even more food they may enjoy a piece of Christmas cake or eat a hot mince pie. 26 December is also a public holiday. Boxing Day, and this is the time to visit friends and relatives or watch foot­ball.

VOCABULARY

сһurсһ-шіркеу

presents-сыйлықтар

carol-кэрол (діни мазмұндағы рождествалық эн)

Queen-королева

to decorate-безендіру

to pull a cracker-хлопушканы ату

Christmas tree-рождествалық шырша

Father Christmas-рождествалық ата, аяз ата

Christmas pudding-рождествалық пудинг

singers-эншілер

Questions:

When is Christmas celebrated?

How is Christmas usually celebrated?

What do children leave at the end of their beds on Christmas

Eve and why?

Write a short composition on theme: "My favourite holi­day"

Write ten questions about the text.

AMERICAN ENGLISH

Is there any difference between the English spoken in the United States and that of Great Britain? Yes, there is: in vocabu-'^агУ, pronunciation and in the meaning of some words; but the English and the Americans understand each other without grea difficulty. Perhaps they are helped by the fact that there are щ differences in suffixes, prefixes, morphology and syntax. T< give you an idea of some of the differences in vocabulary, tak« for example the word underground meaning in England the un derground electric railway. The Americans call it the subwa An American goes to the movies, an Englishman to the picture: or to the cinema.

Differences in vocabulary can be explained by turning American history. The Americans borrowed words from tho: languages with which the English-speaking colonists came i contact on the American continent: American Indian, Frenc Spanish. Another thing is that some words which had the sai meaning on both sides of the Atlantic during the 17^th and 18^! centuries were given a new meaning either in England or i: America.

And what about differences in spelling?

There are a number of differences. For example, in Amei ica, programme is written like program; there is no letter и i words like colour, labour; theatre and kilometer are spelt theater and kilometer; traveler and traveling and other words li them have only one letter l.

Such differences in spelling are nothing compared wi those in pronunciation. Even an Englishman when first landi in the States has difficulty in understanding the talk of peopi standing around him.

VOCABULARY

pronunciation-айтылуы

subway-метрополитен

movie-кинофильм

to understand-түсіну

vocabulary-сөздік

railway-темір жол

language-тіл

meaning-мағынасы

Questions:

What is the difference between American and British English?

How did the Revolutionary War influence American and British English?

Tasks:

Give some examples of words differ in pronunciation and mean­ing.

Read the text and say what you have learned from it. Write 10 american slangs.

Choose a partner and talk to him about the English-speaking countries.