13. Put the verb into the correct tense form in Passive.
The expedition … (to supply) with all the necessary equipment last week.
This device cannot … (to rely) upon because it is not accurate enough.
In modern ports the ships … (to load) and … (to unload) mechanically.
As far as I know, the goods … (just / to ship).
What kind of fuel … (to use) in these motor cars?
The difference of travel between one rear wheel and the other is known as differential action and it … (to allow) in the design of the rear axle.
These ice-breakers … (to design) for operation in Arctic waters 25 years ago, but they … (to use) even nowadays.
Cars with engine troubles of this sort can … (easily / to repair) at every service station.
Yesterday he … (to stop) by the man who demanded his name and address.
The engineer … (often / to ask) to estimate the cost of the car repair.
Text 1
Exterior and interior design
The stylist responsible for the design of the vehicle exterior develops the proportions, shape and surfaces of the vehicle. Exterior design is first done by a series of digital or manual drawings. Progressively more detailed drawings are executed and approved. Clay and/or digital models are developed from and along with the drawings. The data from these models are then used to create a full-sized mock-up of the final design (body in white). The clay models is first designed in a computer program and then ‘carved’ using the machine and large amounts of clay. Even in times of high-class software and virtual models on power walls the clay model is still the most important tool to evaluate the design of a car and therefore used throughout the industry.
The stylist responsible for the design of the vehicle interior develops the proportions, shape, placement and surfaces for the instrument panel, seats, door trim panels, headliner, pillar trims… Here the emphasis is in ergonomics and the comfort of the passengers. The procedure is the same as with exterior design (sketch, digital model and clay model).
Electronic components and parts of the automobile give more challenges to designers who are required to update on the latest information and knowledge associated with emerging gadgetry, particularly dashboard mobile devices (GPS navigation, satellite and HD radio, mobile TV, MP3 player, video playback and Smartphone interfaces). Though not all the new gadgets are to be designed as factory standard items, but some of them may be integral to determining the future course of any specific models.
Complete these sentences with the information from the text:
Exterior design is done ………
In times of high-class software ………
The stylist responsible for the interior design develops ………
Here the emphasis is in ………
Electronic components and automobile components give ………
Make sure that you know these terms:
Accelerator, brake pedal, clutch pedal, dashboard, gearstick, handbrake, horn, ignition, rear-view mirror, wing (fender), petrol cap or flap, sunroof, indicator (turn signal), logo, windscreen (windshield) wiper, exhaust pipe, number plate, wing mirror, roof-rack, rumble seat, spare wheel, rear compartment, brand image, mud flap, step, sill, grill(e), door handle, quarter window, center post, washer nozzle.
Study the following information:
Trunk: place for stowing baggage.
Tail light: rear light.
Back fender: side rear part of the body that covers the wheel.
Quarter window: window pane situated approximately above the rear wheel.
Roof post: vertical structure that supports the top of the car.
Door handle: part of the door used to open it.
Door: opening used to enter the passenger compartment.
Outside mirror: external mirror used for looking backwards.
Door post: vertical structures that encase the windows.
Hub cap: piece of metal covering the hubs.
Wheel: round object that turns around a central axel and allows the car to advance.
Shield: movable apparatus that protects against bumps.
Indicator light: amber light that is used to signal changes in the car's direction.
License plate: piece of metal that carries a number used to identify the automobile.
Bumper: apparatus at the front and rear of a vehicle that protects the body from minor bumps.
Head light: front light of a car.
Grill: plastic or metal decoration over the radiator.
Hood: cover of the engine compartment at the front of a car.
Windshield wiper: movable device made partly of rubber that wipes the windshield and rear window of a car.
Outside mirror: external mirror used for looking backwards.
Sun roof: movable part that allows the roof of a car to be partially opened.
Match words from the two boxes to find the exterior car parts:
|
Head, rear, exhaust, wheel, front, petrol, windscreen, wing, door, number |
Wipers, lights, plate, trim, bumper, cap, mirror, handle, lights, pipe |
Complete the sentences with the following words (exterior design):
Bonnet (hood), boot (trunk), side window, aerial, head and rear lights, badge.
Don’t forget to retract the …… before using the car wash.
You open the …… to look at the engine.
Can you put my suitcase into the ……, please?
When it starts raining, you need to switch on the ……
“What model is that?” “I don’t know, I can’t see the …… from here.”
Open the …… and let some fresh air into the car.
Complete the sentences with the following words (interior design):
Cup holder, sun visor, cigarette lighter, glove compartment, clutch pedal, hands-free telephone, ashtray.
It’s so practical to have a …… near the steering wheel, I can take a drink whenever I want.
In a car with manual transmission, you need to press the …… when you want to change gear.
There’s usually a cosmetic mirror on the passenger’s ……
It’s against the law to phone while driving so I’ve ordered a car with a ……
Could you have a look in the road atlas? It’s in the ……
I don’t need a …… and an …… as I don’t want anyone to smoke in my car.
Fill the correct prepositions in.
Intensive snowfalls have caused disruption to the road traffic _____ the mountain area _____ last winter.
If bus lanes are used exclusively _____ buses, they will bring more problems than gains to the traffic.
There will be no objections _____ the road users if traffic lights are installed.
One of the solutions to the problem _____ air pollution _____ cities is to ban cars _____ the cities.
These serious problems stem _____ the reduction of the railway network _____ the 1960s.
Do you often go _____ work _____ bus?
The traffic lights have been installed _____ wrong location.
Imagine you are producing a poster to help your elder brother choose a car. Write a short description of five cars. Add pictures, photos and titles. Present your leaflet to the class.
Text 2
Transport is a non-productive branch of economy, but it sometimes compared to veins in human body. Why is it so important? Are you able to find any synonyms for the verb ‘to transport’? Give five examples for your own activities which wouldn’t be possible without using transport.
Which in your opinion is simple: transporting passengers or goods?
Give three examples of elements which must be taken into consideration when passenger transport is planned and which do not play any role while transporting goods.
Read the text and fill each gap with one of these words:
Designers, fit, engineers, manufacture, model, vehicle.