9. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Я завжди маю запасні частини, п’яте колесо та каністру з бензином у багажнику. В дорозі будь-що може знадобитись.

2. Ефективність роботи двигуна безпосередньо залежить від якості палива.

3. Їдучи вночі або за неприємних погодних умов, не забудьте увімкнути габаритні вогні, передні та задні фари.

4. У мене далекоглядні плани щодо свого майбутнього – після закінчення університету я хочу поїхати за кордон аби набратись досвіду.

5. Більше того, я планую створити найкраще у світі авто, яке задовольнить бажання найвимогливішого споживача.

6. Навіть найоптимістичніші прогнози не здатні передбачити усі вдосконалення у світовому виробництві авто.

7. Особисто я надаю перевагу позашляховикам. Вони надійні, просторі, ергономічні, безпечні та красиві.

8. На скільки я знаю, аби досягти елегантного та стильного вигляду, дизайнери використовують якісні та дорогі матеріали.

Text 6

1. Look through the adjectives used to describe cars. Can you add any more? Use them to write short descriptions of some well-known brands (Acura, BMW, Bugatti, Infinity, Lexus, Maserati, Audi, ………).

Charming, unconventional, muscular, sleek, distinctive, unique, stylish, striking, bold, sporty, contemporary, spacious.

2. Find ten words in the word square and match them with their definitions.

1. A set of plans, actions, agreed on by a government, political party, etc. – p __________

2. Relating to society and to people’s lives – s __________

3. A situation in which you need sb or sth in order to live or succeed – d __________

4. A high standard – q __________

5. The amount of something – q __________

6. Something you are capable of doing – a __________

7. Travelling from one place to another – j __________

8. Chances to do something – o __________

9. Going on foot – w __________

10. Going by bicycle – c __________

3. Work in small groups to have the following meeting:

You work for a car manufacturer. You are meeting your colleagues to discuss closing the gap in the range of cars you offer. At the moment your product range consists of a compact, a large van and a convertible.

The possibilities for the new model are:

• A small “green” car (a compact car with extremely low fuel consumption)

• A roadster (a fun, “good weather” car for everybody, young and old)

• An SUV (a versatile on-road / off-road vehicle with lots of room)

• A limousine (a long, roomy car with mini bar and fridge)

• A hatchback (a rear door including the back window that opens vertically)

• A minibus (designed to carry fewer people than a full-size bus)

Aluminum – the metal of the year

With the launch of the A2, Audi AG introduced the first vehicle in the world to have a volume-built all-aluminum body. In 1996, series production of the A8 began. The A8 is the first luxury limousine made of aluminum and the Audi plant produces 20 000 vehicles a year. The A8 combines high strength with low weight. This is the lightest car in the luxury class. The third-generation Audi Space Frame now has fewer components than its predecessors, which makes it easier to build the car in large quantities.

Other car makers are also starting to take aluminum seriously. As engine sizes have increased, cars have become more top-heavy. Using aluminum for the bonnet and front wings helps to get a better weight distribution between front and rear axles. Another advantage of aluminum is that it is cheaper to recycle than steel. This will be an important consideration in the future when the EU introduces tougher recycling regulations.

But there are drawbacks to using aluminum. Replacing steel with aluminum is expensive; an aluminum body costs twice as much as a steel one. Not only are production processes expensive, they are also difficult to implement. Because aluminum is more brittle and tears more easily than steel, it can only be formed when it is in an unhardened state. Furthermore, aluminum used for the outer parts of the car, such as the wings and the doors, needs to be thicker than steel because it doesn’t have the same stiffness. The dent-resistance of aluminum is also less than that of steel. On the plus side, aluminum doesn’t rust like steel, and in car crashes it has a higher energy absorption rate, which increases the car’s active safety.

4. Answer these questions:

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using aluminum?

2. What kind of car materials do you think will be used in the future?

3. What materials are used in car manufacturing?

4. What are the EU’s recycling targets for 2015? Do you think car makers will have trouble reaching them?

5. Complete the sentences about materials with words given below :

Shatterproof, light, corrosion-resistant, durable, elastic, natural, rigid, flammable, malleable, heat-resistant.

1. Wood is very often used in interiors because it looks _______ and warm.

2. Aluminum and magnesium are important for car makers because they are _______ and therefore good for weight-saving.

3. Safety regulations require that the foam used in car seats shouldn’t be _______.

4. Rubber should be able to withstand great temperature differences while staying _______. In other words, it shouldn’t become brittle.

5. Windscreens are made of a special _______ glass to protect drivers in accidents.

6. Fabrics used in cars need to be _______ and not look old too quickly.

7. Steel is used for load-bearing parts because it is _______.

8. Sheet metal is used for large car parts because it is _______ and dent-resistant.

9. Ceramic, which is _______, is used in the catalytic converter because of the very high temperatures.

10. Aluminum is ideal for bumpers and other body parts because it is _______.

6. Match each column of the English words with its Ukrainian equivalent.

cooler	improve	plastic	reliable
location	grill	leather	available
stage	shape	rubber	efficient
improve	requirement	steel	suitable
provide	flow	wood	luxurious

надійний	пластик	вдосконалювати	охолоджувач
доступний	шкіра	решітка	розташування
ефективний	гума	форма	стадія
той, що підходить	метал	вимога	вдосконалювати
розкішний	деревина	потік	забезпечувати

7. Translate this extract in written form:

Vehicle bodies are made from a wide array of materials, including steel, aluminum, metal alloys, fiberglass and plastic, with each material requiring a different repair technique. Most repairers can work with all of these materials, but as car manufacturers produce vehicles with an increasing proportion of lightweight fiberglass, aluminum and plastic parts, more repairers specialize in these specific materials.

Collision repairers frequently must remove car seats, accessories, electrical components, hydraulic windows, dashboards and trim to get to the parts that need repair. If the frame or a body section of the vehicle has been bent or twisted, frame repairers and straighteners can sometimes restore it to its original alignment and shape. This is done by chaining or clamping it to an alignment machine, which uses hydraulic pressure to pull the damaged metal into position. Repairers use specialty measuring equipment to set all components, such as engine parts, wheels, headlights and body parts, at manufacturer’s specifications.

8. What car parts are made of what materials? Pay attention to glass, leather, plastic, rubber, steel, textile, wood and others.

9. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. На жаль, транспортна система Києва не ідеальна, але подобається мешканцям міста.

2. Ми збираємось поїхати за місто і навіть вже призначили день, хоча все залежатиме від погоди.

3. Немає підстав для хвилювання, з двигуном та гальмами усе гаразд.

4. Тепер, коли угоду підписано, ви маєте право на три безкоштовні обслуговування на нашій СТО.

5. Цілком очевидно, що найкращий вид транспорту – власне авто.

6. Модельний ряд цієї компанії залишає бажати кращого.

7. Вона приїхала до Лондона о півночі та оселилась в найкращому готелі.

8. Слід переконатись, що ці привабливі сидіння зручніші, ніж наші старі.

10. Work in groups of three to have a role-play meeting. You have to decide whether the tailgate of a new car should be made of steel or plastic. Take the parts of a controller (A), a member of the technical department (B) and a member of the production department (C). Try to reach a decision by the end of the meeting.

Text 7

1. Think and speak about the main disadvantages of going by car. Pay attention to the following:

hazardous emissions, traffic jams, road accidents,

expensive fuel and maintenance of the vehicle

it is difficult to find somewhere to park

2. Read and discuss the following passage. What do you know about traffic rules of our country? Do you obey them?

If you have heard that driving in central London is difficult, just wait till try to find somewhere to park. Of course, it would be a little bit easier for you to park if you have Smart or Mini. But there is one more problem, except spare room for parking. If you park illegally or run over time on your parking-meter, you will get a parking ticket on your windscreen, demanding a fine. Even worse, your car may be immobilized by a wheel-clamp; follow the instructions to the Payment Center, where you must pay 38 pounds to get the clamp removed, plus a parking fine. You may have to wait several hours to recover your vehicle. For serious parking offences, vehicles may be towed away and impounded. To retrieve your vehicle you have to go to a Payment Centre and pay a 105 tow-away fee and 12 storage for each day your car has been kept in the pound.