10. Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in capitals.

The courses are designed to allow maximum flexibility.	FLEXIBLE
The article makes no ………… to this road accident.	REFER
I find the new system much more …………	CONVENIENCE
Before travelling we must ensure the ………… of petrol and oil.	AVAILABLE
There is ………… a great deal of truth in this advertisement.	DOUBT
We expect to see further ………… over the coming year.	IMPROVE
We have a new ………… each term, showing the times of each class.	TABLE
We need to work harder to remain ………… with other q companies.	COMPETE
The Minister discussed ………… issues.	ENVIRONMENT

11. Read and translate this extract in written form.

Travelling with all the comforts of the home means that every mile is something to be savoured in the cockpit of the BMW X5. The elevated seating position lends you a commanding view of the road.

One can also find the sumptuous materials which transform the interior into a feast for the eyes (from the upholstery, also available in supple leather, to the fine wood trim). Here elegance in form is matched by elegance in function. The instrument panel is ergonomically designed and the controls are intuitively placed just where you expect to find them.

For even more convenience, iDrive technology gives you access to a wide range of vehicle functions via one central set of controls. Eight buttons can be set to provide your own functions in the blink of an eye. The optional Head-Up Display projects key information such as speed and navigation system directions onto the windscreen.

Text 4

1. What model of car should a person have to impress other people?

What car should a person have to take all the family and a pet for a ride? What car should an old couple on pension have to go for a ride?

What car should a young businessman have to impress his partners?

2. Have you ever visited any car factory? Where would you like to work after graduating from our university? How many factories are there in Ukraine, in Russia, in the USA? Would you like to work for any Ukrainian company or to go abroad?

3. Complete the text (A tour of a car factory) with the following words:

Clutch, combustion, crankshaft, cylinders, distribution, fuel, piston, spark plug, torque.

“Now we come to the engine. The principle of the internal ________ engine has not changed in the last 100 years. The engine takes in ________ and air which is compressed in a combustion chamber. Then this mixture is ignited by a ________ to produce an explosion, which moves the ________ in the cylinder. The up and down motion of the piston in the cylinder is converted into rotational motion by the ________. The rotational force generated by the engine is known as ________. The size of the engine determines the power. The more ________ there are, the more powerful the engine. This power is transmitted through the ________, the gearbox, the propeller shaft (in rear-wheel and 4-wheel drive) and the axles to the wheels. The position of the engine can vary, but generally speaking it is mounted at the front. In some sports cars, the engine is mounted at the rear (e.g. Porsche) or in the middle (e.g. Ferrari or Lamborghini) because of weight ________. So, that’s enough about the engine for the moment – let’s move on to the next stage …”

4. Complete the table:

Verb	Noun	Adjective
To	power
To		combustible
To	ignition
To		explosive
To	rotation
To	transmission

5. Now complete the sentences with the words from the table:

1. In the engine, linear motion is converted into ________ motion by the crankshaft.

2. The power of the engine is ________ through the clutch and the gearbox.

3. The spark plug ________ the air/fuel mixture and sets off an ________.

4. A 6-cylinder engine is more ________ than a 4-cylinder one.

5. Fuel and air is compressed in the ________ chamber.

6. Read and translate this extract:

THE 4-STROKE INTERNAL COMBUSTION CYCLE

Before the cycle begins. The cycle begins at top dead centre (TDC). Here the piston is furthest away from the crankshaft. There are 4 strokes of the piston.

Intake stroke. The crankshaft rotates. This makes the piston move down the cylinder, away from the valves. At the same time, the cam above the intake valve rotates. This makes the valve move downwards, which opens the intake port. As the piston moves down, fuel is sucked into the cylinder through this inlet.

Compression stroke. As the crankshaft rotates, it makes the piston move up the chamber towards the valves. Simultaneously, the cam above the intake valve rotates and allows it to close. Both valves are now closed. As the piston moves up towards the valves, it compresses the fuel.

Ignition. Now the piston is once again at TDC. The compressed fuel is ignited by the spark plug and there is a small explosion at the top of the cylinder.

Power stroke. Immediately after this, the gases expand in the cylinder, which pushes the piston downwards. This makes the crankshaft rotate and provides torsion to drive the wheels of the vehicle.

Exhaust stroke. As the crankshaft rotates, it pushes the piston up the cylinder. At the same time, the cam above the exhaust valve pushes the valve downwards. This opens the exhaust port and the burnt gases are pushed out.

The cycle is repeated thousands of times per minute.

7. Study the following information:

When often indicates that two actions happen in sequence, immediately after the other.

(e.g. When the spark plug ignites, the gases explode.)

As often indicates that two actions happen simultaneously, both at the same time.

(e.g. As the piston moves up, it compresses the fuel.)

When or as can sometimes be used with the same meaning when it’s difficult to decide if two actions are simultaneous or in rapid sequence.

(e.g. When / As the brake pedal is pressed, the piston pushes the oil along the brake pipe.)

Now join each group into a single sentence. Use when / as and which. Do not use the words in italics.

e.g. The piston moves up. At the same time, the exhaust valve opens. This lets the burnt gases escape. – As the piston moves up, the exhaust valve opens, which lets the burnt gases escape.

1. The spark plug ignites the fuel. Immediately afterwards, there is an explosion. This makes the piston move down with great force.

2. The camshaft rotates. Simultaneously, the cam pushes the intake valve downwards. This allows the fuel to enter the cylinder.

3. The piston moves away from the valve. Immediately after this, it creates a vacuum in the cylinder. This sucks the fuel in.

4. The piston moves up towards the valves. Soon afterwards, it puts the fuel under high pressure. This helps the gases to expand rapidly after ignition.

5. The cam pushes the exhaust valve down. At the same time, the piston moves up towards it. This forces the burnt gases out of the engine.

8. Translate this extract in written form:

As automobiles changed through the years, mechanics or automobile service technicians, as they are now called, have kept them running. The “Big Three” (Ford, GM and Chrysler) automobile makers produced millions of cars for a public eager for freedom and mobility the automobile promised. With the ill-prepared roads suddenly overrun by inexperienced drivers, accidents and breakdowns became common. People were not only unskilled in driving but also were ignorant of the basic maintenance and service the automobile required. It suddenly became apparent that a new profession was in the making.

Automobile service technicians maintain and repair cars, vans, small trucks and other vehicles. Using both hand tools and specialized diagnostic test equipment, they pinpoint problems and make the necessary repairs or adjustments. In addition to performing complex and difficult repairs, they perform a number of routine maintenance procedures, such as oil changes, tire rotation and battery replacement. Technicians interact frequently with customers to explain repair procedures and discuss maintenance needs.

9. Look at the words used to describe shape of car parts. Describe the components from the box below using them.

Square, rectangular, circular, triangular, cuboid, cylindrical, spherical, conical.

battery, brake fluid reservoir, engine oil dipstick, engine oil filler cap, windscreen / headlight washer container.

10. What manufacturing company is the most famous in our country? What kind of cars does it produce? Prepare and deliver a short report about one of the companies.

11. Discuss the following famous words:

Research is the answer, if any one should ask why modern cars are so much improved. (Walter P. Chrysler)

The motor car that is thrilling proof of what designers the world over have always known – that the lower a car can be built, the more graceful its lines can be made. (From a Hudson advertisement)

The wheel is one of mankind’s greatest inventions. Why attempt to hide it? (Virgil Exner, Chrysler chief designer)

Modern science and techniques have taught mankind at least one lesson – nothing is impossible. (Lewis Mumfold)

Text 5

1. How has transport changed in the last 100 years? What do you know about the latest innovations in automobile industry?

2. Do you agree that there will be no more switches, only voice control? Will the car be made of self-cleaning materials? Will the sensors in the car prevent accidents? Would you like to be able to do most of the tasks you usually do in your office – in the car?