II Вариант
What is business?
Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languages. But exactly what does it mean? The concepts and activities of business have increased in modern times. Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services
for profit. To examine this definition, we will look at its various parts.
First, production is the creation of services or the changing of materials into products. One example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Next these products need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace. This is known as distribution. A car might be moved from factory in Detroit to a car dealership in Miami.
Third is the sale of goods and services. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money. Goods are products which people either need or want, for example, cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are activities which a person or group performs for another person or organization. For instance, an auto mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car. A doctor also performs a service by taking care of people when they are sick.
Business, then, is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution, and sale. However, there is one other important factor. This factor is the creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in the functioning of an American business company is making a profit. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. Creating an economic surplus or profit is, therefore, a primary goal of business activity.
1. Является ли утверждение «Today, the word “business” means the exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed »
а) ложным
б) истинным
в) в тексте нет информации
2. Является ли утверждение «Profit is the most important factor in the process of business making »
а) ложным
б) истинным
в) в тексте нет информации
3. Найдите английские эквиваленты:, торговля, распространение, предоставлять услугу, обмен, главная цель, превращение/изменение, избыток/излишек, продажа, товар , увеличиться.
4. Ответьте на вопросы:
a) What does the word “business” mean?
b) Business is a combination of production, distribution, and sale, isn’t it?
c) What is the main goal of business activity?
5. Сформулируйте главную мысль текста.
III Вариант
The Market
We can define markets in a very general way as arrangements through which prices guide resource allocation. But there is a narrower definition.
A market is a set of arrangements by which buyers and sellers are in contact to exchange goods or services.
Some markets (shops and fruit stalls) physically bring together the buyer and the seller. Other markets (The London Stock Exchange) operate chiefly through intermediaries (stockbrokers) who transact business on behalf of clients. In supermarkets, sellers choose the price, stock the shelves, and leave customers to choose whether or not to make a purchase. Antique auction force buyers to bid against each other with the seller taking a passive role.
Although superficially different, these markets perform the same economic function. They determine prices that ensure that the quantity people wish to buy equals the quantity people wish to sell. Price and quantity cannot be considered separately. In establishing that the price of a Rolls Royce is ten times the price of a small Ford, the market for motor cars ensures that production and sales of small Fords will greatly exceed the production and sales of Rolls Royces. These price guide society in choosing what, how, and for whom to purchase.
To understand this process more fully, we require a model of a typical market. The essential features on which such a model must concentrate are demand, the behaviour of buyers, and supply, the behaviour of sellers. It will then be possible to study the interaction of these forces to see how a market works in practice.
Является ли утверждение « Some markets like shops and fruit stalls and other markets like The London Stock Exchange perform the same economic function »
а) ложным
б) истинным
в) в тексте нет информации
2. Является ли утверждение « Price and quantity can be considered as two separate parts of any market »
а) ложным
б) истинным
в) в тексте нет информации
3. Найдите английские эквиваленты: исполнять одинаковые экономические функции; гарантировать; превышать/превосходить; поведение продавцов/покупателей; комплекс договоренностей; устанавливать цену.
4. Ответьте на вопросы:
a) What is the market?
b) What for do we need the price?
c) Who chooses whether or not to make a purchase?
5. Сформулируйте главную мысль текста.