ИНФОРМАТИКА
.pdfC H C T ~ OCHOBHbIXM ~ |
I I o H R T H ~ rJIaBbI~ 1 . . . . . . . . . . |
32 |
rnasa 2.H ~ @ o p ~ a q a oM~o~n oe nea p o s a H a e . . . . . . . . . |
35 |
|
5 6 . YTOTaKOe MOAeJIHPOBaHIIe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 |
||
5 7. r p a @ H s e c K H e H H @ O P M ~ L ( H O H H ~MOAeJIH~. . . . . . . |
40 |
|
5 8. T a 6 n ~ s ~ b MOAeJIH1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
44 |
|
5 9 . ~ I H @ O P M ~ ~ E Z MOAeJIIIPOBaHHeH H O ~ |
|
|
H a KOMIIbIoTepe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
49 |
|
C I I C T ~ MOCHOBHbIX~ |
I I O H R T E ZFJIaBbI~~ 2 . . . . . . . . . . |
56 |
rnasa 3.X p a ~ e ~ a e0 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~aa~ @ o p ~ a q a a |
|
|
|
B 6a3ax HaHHbIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 |
|||
5 10. O C H O B HIIOHS~TEISII ~ |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
60 |
|
§ 11. YTOTaKOe CIiCTeMa YnpaBJIeHHR 6 a 3 a AaHHbIX~ ~ |
. . |
66 |
5 15. COPTEIPOBKBYAaJIeHHe. |
H A O ~ ~ B J I ~3HanHII ~c e f i |
. |
. |
. |
86 |
|
C I I C T ~OCHOBHbIXM ~ |
110HSfTHfi I'JIaBbI 3 . . . . . . . |
. |
. |
. |
92 |
I'JIasa 4. T a 6 n ~ l r ~ b 1BbIUMCJIeHMR Ha ICOMIIbIOTepe. . . . . . 95
5 16. A B O H ~ HCHCTeMa~ S I |
CZIHCJIeHHSI . . . . . . . . . . . |
96 |
|
|||||
5 1 7. YHcJIa B IIaMSITH KOMnbIOTepa . . . . . . . . . . |
100 |
|
||||||
5 18. TO TaKOe 3JIeKTpOHHaSI T |
~ |
~ |
J I .E .I ~. ~. . . . . . |
105 |
|
|||
5 19. LIpaBHJIa ~ ~ I I O J I H ~ H HTS I~ |
~ |
J |
I .H.~ .~ .I . . . . . . |
110 |
|
|||
5 20 |
. P a 6 o ~ aC AHalIa3OHaMH. OTHOCEIT~JI~H~SI |
|
|
|||||
|
a ~ p e c a q n a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
114 |
|
|||||
5 21.Aenosaa r p a Q ~.~Yac n o ~ ~ QYHIC~HSIaa. . . . . . |
118 |
|
||||||
5 22 |
.J I o r ~ u e c ~ Y~ He I C ~ Hti H~ ~ C O J I K I T Ha~~Ip~ e c.a . . . |
122 |
|
|||||
5 23. ~ J I ~ K T ~ O HT H~ ~ IJ ~I EHI MaTeMaTHseCICOe~~ |
|
|
||||||
|
MOAeJIHpOBaHHe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
125 |
|
|||||
5 24 |
. ~ I M E I T ~ ~ HMOAeJIHH H ~B 3JIeKTPOHHbIX~ Ta6JIHqax . |
131 |
|
|||||
C H C T ~OCHOBHbIXM ~ |
IIOHSITHfi rJIaBbI 4 . . . . . . . . . |
136 |
|
|||||
I'nasa 5. Y n p a s n e n ~ eM a n r o p ~ ~ .~ .b r. . . . . . . . . . |
139 |
|
||||||
5 25 |
. YIIpaBJIeHHe H KH6epHeTHKa . . . . . . . . . . . |
140 |
|
|||||
5 26 |
. YIIpaBJIeHHe C 06paTHOfi CBSI3bIO . . . . . . . . . |
143 |
|
|||||
5 27. O n p e ~ e n e ~ nH ec ~ o f i c ~ as an r o p ~ ~. ~. a. . . . . |
147 |
|
||||||
5 28 |
. rpa@HsecKHfiyse6Hb1fi HClIOJIHHTeJIb . . . . . . . |
153 |
|
|||||
5 29 |
. B c I I o M o ~ ~ T ~aJIrOpHTMb1I ~ H ~ I ~ H IIOAIIpOrpaMMbI . . |
159 |
|
|||||
5 30. & I K J I H ~ ~ c K HaJIrOPHTMb1~ |
. . . . . . . . . . . . |
164 |
|
|||||
5 31. BeTBJIeHHe H IIOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHaSI AeTaJIM3aqHsI |
|
|
||||||
|
a n r o p m ~ ~.a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
170 |
|
|||||
C H C T ~OCHOBHbIXM ~ |
I I O H S I T H ~rJIaBbI~ |
5 . . . . . . . . . |
174 |
|
||||
I'nasa 6. I I p o r p a ~ ~ n oynpasnenMe pa6o~oii |
|
|
||||||
|
r c o ~ n b m ~ e p.a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
177 |
|
|||||
5 32 |
. YTOTaKOe IIpOrpaMMHpOBaHHe . . . . . . . . . . |
178 |
|
|||||
5 33. AJI~oPHTM~Ipa60Tb1 C BeJIHsHHaMH . . . . . . . . |
180 |
|
||||||
5 34 |
. JIITHefiHb1e BbIsHCJIHTeJIbHbIe aJIrOPHTMb1 . . . . . |
186 |
|
|||||
5 35. ~ H ~ I C O M C T BCOSI3bIKOM nacKaJIb . . . . . . . . . |
191 |
|
||||||
5 36 |
. AJI~OPEITM~IC B T B S I ~ ~ Gc ~C pR y ~ ~ y p.o f.i . . . . |
197 |
|
|||||
5 37 |
. I I p o r p a ~ ~ ~ p Bo~~TaB~J I~ HaHeIBI a c ~ a n e. . . . |
203 |
|
|||||
5 38. I I p o r p a ~ ~ ~ p Ao~~a na o~r a~c Ke o ~ n b m ~ e p.o .~ . |
208 |
|
||||||
5 39 |
. l l p o r p a ~ ~ ~ p oUHKJIOBs a ~ ~ e. . . . . . . . . . . |
211 |
|
|||||
5 40. AJI~OPHTMEBKJIHAB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 |
|
|||||||
5 41 |
. T ~ ~ J IHHMaCCHBbI~~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
222 |
I |
|||||
I |
||||||||
5 42 . M ~ C C HBBI~I aI c ~ a n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
227 |
|
||||||
5 43 |
. O A H3aAaYa~ 0 6 p a 6 0 ~MaCCHBa~~ . . . . . . . . . |
232 |
|
|||||
C H C T ~OCHOBHbIXM ~ |
I I O H S I T H ~I'JIaBbI~ |
6 . . . . . . . . . |
236 |
|
Ma~eplian~nsryrny6ne~~oroliayre~lisr~cypca . . . . . . . 289 A o n o n ~ e ~ lrci emase 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
1.1.f l e p e ~ a s aHH@oPM~I&HH110 TeXHHseCICHM
~c a ~ a CBRBHn a ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
1.2. A ~ x H B H ~ o B ~HH ~H ~~ ~ ~ ~ X Z I B H@aGJIOBB~ ~ .H .H .~ 293
A o n o n ~ e ~c ~rnase 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
2.1.C H C T ~ MM~OIA. ~ J I H . r p a @ b r . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
2.2.O ~ ' ~ ~ I C T H O - H H @ O ~ M EMOAeJIH~~~ H. H. ~.I ~. . . . . 303
A o n o n ~ e ~ l~ci ernase 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
5.1. ~ T O M ~ T H ~ H P O B ~H HaBTOMaTH4eCICHe~ ~ |
CHCTeMbI |
y n p a ~ n e ~. ~. x. . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . 312 |
A o n o n ~ e ~ lICi ernase 6 . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . . . . . 317 |
M ~ Y U H BI I e p B y I O 9 a C T b K y p C a < < ~ I H @ o ~ M ~ THH MK K~ T o , BbI
OCBOHJIH JIHLIIb HeKOTOPbIe p a 3 A e J I b I |
3 ~ 0 f i~ O O J I ~ L I~I Oa~y~9 ~ 0Hf i |
|
I I ~ H K J I ~ A HOo~~J ~I ~ C T HA. a H H b 1 f i y 9 |
e 6 IIO3HaKOMHT~ ~ ~ |
BaC C HO- |
BbIMH p a 3 A e J I a M H I I p e A M e T a , IIOMOXeT n p ~ o 6 p e HOBbIec ~ ~ H a B b I - |
||
K H HCIIOJIb30BaHHR H H @ O P M ~ ~ H O H H O - K O M M Y H H ~ ~ ~TeX~O-H H ~ I X |
||
HoJIoI'H~~ . |
|
|
B 3TOM y 9 e 6 ~ I'OAY0 ~ BbI II03HaKOMHTeCb C KOMIIbIOTePHbIMH CeTRMH, KOTOPbIe HCIIOJIbBYIOTCR AJIR I I e p e A a 9 H HH@oPM~I&HH . T~xHoJIoI'HH pa6o~b1C H ~ @ o p M a q H e f iB KOMIIbIOTepHbIX CeTRX Ha3bIBaIOTCR KOMMYHHKaqHOHHbIMH TeXHOJIOI'HRMH. B pe3yJIb-
T a T e B a M B I I o J I H o ~M~e p e C T a H e T IIOHRTHbIM CMbICJI T e p M H H a <cHH- @ O ~ M ~ ~ ~ O H H O - K O M M Y H H ~ TeXHOJIOI'HH*H~~~ H ~ I ~- MKT.
O 9 e ~ bB a X H b I M IIPHJIOXKeHHeM K O M I I ~ I O T ~ P H TeXHHKHO~~ SBJIReTCR H H @ O P M ~ E I O H H OMOAeJIHPOBElHHe. CKOPOBbI y 3 H a e T e , 9TO
TaKOe MOAeJIb, K a K H a KOMIIbIOTepe CO3AaIOTCR H AJIR 9 e P O HCIIOJIb3YIOTCR H H @ O P M ~ ~ E I O H HMOAeJIH,~~ K U H e CpeACTBa kIKT IIpHMe - HRIOTCR AJIR ~ I H @ O P M ~ ~ H O H H O IMOAeJIHPOBaHHR'. B 9HCJIO TaKHX CpeACTB BXOART CHCTeMbI YlTpWJIeHHR 6 a 3 a ~AaHHbIX~ (CYBA) H T ~ ~ J I H ~IIpOqeCCOpbIH~~. C IIOMOqbIO CYBA H a KOMIIbIOTepe CO-
3AaIOTCR H H @ O P M ~ ~ H O H H X~ PI ~aH H J I H q a , |
KOTOPbIe Ha3bIBaIOTCR |
|
6 a 3 a ASCHHbIX~ ~ . T a 6 ~ 1 1 3 9 ~ b 1IeI P O ~ e C C O p b IIpHMeHRIOTCR AJIR O p r a - |
||
H H 3 a q H H B ~ I ~ H c J I ~ BH3JIeKTPOHHbIX~ ~ |
T ~ |
~ J I H ECJIH~ ~ x .T U H e BbI- |
9HCJIeHHR OTHOCRTCR K KaKOMY-TO PeaJIbHOMy IIpOqeCCy, TO B 3TOM CJIyrIae MOXKHO I'OBOPHTb 0 TOM, 9 T O B 3JIeICTPOHHbIX T ~ ~ J I Hpea~ -~ x
JIH30BaHa MaTeMaTHYeCKaR MOAeJIb 3 T O r 0 IIpOIJeCCa.
YlTpaBJIeHHe - e q e OAHa 0 6 m ~ p o6~1ac~bHCIIOJlb30BaHHR KOMIIbIOTePOB. C IIOMOqbIO ICOMIIbIOTePOB YIIpaBJIRIOT CaMOJIeTaMH, P a K e T a M H , IIPOMbILIIJIeHHbIMH YCTaHOBKaMH, IIPOH3BOACTBeH-
HbIMH KOJIJIeKTHBaMH, OTPaCJIRMH 3KOHOMHKH H IIP. O K ~ ~ ~ I B ~ ~ T C R ,
9 T O Y TElICHX P ~ ~ H O O ~ P ~BaPHaHTOB~~ I X YIIpaBJIeHHR eCTb o 6 q ~ e
3aKOHbI. O H H 6 b 1 n ~OTKPbITbI B H a y K e 1 c H 6 e p ~ e ~ H K Ce . OCHOBHbIMH
IIOHRTHRMH 3 ~ 0 f HaYKHi B a M IIPeACTOHT II03HaKOMHTbCR.
Bcsr~oeYIIpaBJIeHHe np0HCXOAHT no OIIpeAeJIeHHbIM n p a B H - JIBM, KOTOPbIe Ha3bIBaIOTCII aJIrOPHTMOM YIIpaBJIeHHSI. Anro-
PHTM, 3 a I I H ~ a H H b 1 fHi a R 3 b I K e IIPOrPaMMHPOBaHHR, *IIOHRTHOM)> KOMIIbIOTePY, Ha3bIBaeTCSI K O M I I ~ I O T ~ P HI OI ~P ~o ~ ~ ~ M MBo 3~ ~ 0. 2
9 a C T H K y p C a BbI H a y s H T e C b CTPOHTb aJIrOPHTMbI H IIHCaTb HeCJIOXCHbIe I I p O r p a M M b I H a R3bIKe n p 0 r p a M M H p O B a H H R I h c K a J I b .
k l 3 0 6 p e ~ e ~ ~Pa3JIH9HbIXs1 CpeACTB H HHCTPYMeHTOB AJIR X p a -
HeHHR, IIepeAarIH H |
o 6 p a 6 0 ~H~H @~ O P M ~ ~ I I HCOBePIIIaJIHCb C |
||
ApeBHHX BpeMeH H A0 HaILIHX ~ ~ e fCiH. c T o P H ~TaKHX~~ ~ 3 0 6 p e ~ e - |
|||
HHG B ~ II I O ~ H ~ K O M H TB~ Cn o~ c n e ~ ~ erxasef i |
yrIe6HHKa. E~ICTOPHR |
||
KOMIIbIOTepOB H HKT 6 e p e ~Ha.Ia.JI0 C CepeAHHbI XX BeKa . C 3TOTO |
|||
BpeMeHH Ha9HHaeTCR |
IIpOU,eCC E I H @ O P M ~ T H ~ ~ ~pa3JIHsHbIXEE I |
06- |
|
JIac~efiAeRTeJIbHOCTM |
J I I O A € ? ~ ~IIPOHCXOAHT, |
@ O P M H P O B ~ H HHH~ - |
@ O ~ M ~ ~ H O H H O - O ~ H ~ H To~6~1 qOeBc ~~~HIa .HI ~Oo~~OJ I HH@OP~ M ~-I
MaqHOHHOrO o ~ I ~ ~EZ3yrIaeTBc pa3AeJI~ HH@OPM~THICH, C O T O P ~ I ~ ~ Ha3bIBaeTCR ~ 0 q H a J I b H O f iH H @ O P M ~ T ~ I K 0O ~HeKOTOPbIX~. BOIIPOCaX
~ 0 u ~ a J I b H OHH@OPM~THICEIfiBbI y 3 H a e T e B KOHIJe HaIIIerO KypCa .
H T ~ K~ P, O A O J I X H M H a m e n y T e m e c T s n e no o I c e a H y
THKH. H ~ K O TMOa T~e p~H KIH~H OCTpOBa B 3TOM O K e a H e BbI IIOCeTHJIH H HCCJIeAOBaJIH B I I e p ~ 0 f is a C T H IIYTeIIIeCTBHR. HO e q e
OCTaJIHCb HeH3BeAaHHbIe 3eMJIH, 6 e n b 1 e IIRTHa H a K a p T e OlceaHa 3HaHHfi. B M ~ CC THaILIHM~ OTBaXCHbIM KanHTaHOM - T o 9 ~ o f i - P Y
BaM IIPeACTOHT IIOCeTPiTb 3TH 3eMJIH, HaHeCTH HX ~ O A P O ~ H O ~ OIIHCaHHe H a I c a p T y 3 ~ a ~ H fYCII~XOBi . BaM B 3TOM HeJIeI'KOM, HO
O s e H b HHTepeCHOM I I ~ T ~ I L I ~ c T B H H !
KOMnbK>TepHaA
CeTb
O C H O ~ meJnbLH~ napazpa@a:~
umo malcoe lcoJnnblomepHaa cemb; JLOKUJLbHbLe CemU;
z ~ ~ o 6 a n b ~cemub~e.
B ~ yXeI 3 H a e T e , s T 0 I I p H p a 6 o ~ eK O M I I b I o T e p a H e I I p e p b I B H O
IIPOHCXOAHT M H @ O P M ~ ~ E I O H OH ~~I ~M~ M~ eHX A Y COCTaBJIRIoII@fMH er0 YCTPO~~CTBSIMEIIIepe~aqa. E Z H @ O P M ~ ~ EMI He X A y IIOJIb3OBaTe-
JIeM M ICOMIIbEOTePOM OCYTeCTBJIReTCR sepe3 I c J I a B H a T y p y , AHCII-
JI&, I I p H H T e p M A p y r M e ~ C T ~ O ~ ~B BCOTA B~ / ~B ~ I B O AA~ .T e I I e p b BbI y 3 H a e T e , K a K IcOMIIbIoTepbI o ~ M ~ H H B ~ E O THC R~ @ o p ~ a q H eMf ie X -
~y co6oH.
O ~ M H~H H@ o p ~ a q H e fqepe3i |
IcOMIIbIoTepHyEO CeTb H a 3 b I B a e T C R |
|
meneleommynuleaqueli (OT rpeu. a tele* - c ~ ~ a z b<cAaneIco* , |
)> H |
|
X a T . a c o m m u n i c a t i o * - C B R B ~ ) . |
|
He60~1brrrneICOMIIbEOTePHbIe CeTM, p a 6 0 ~ a m 1 q ~Be IIpeAeJIax
OAHOrO I I O M e u e H H R , OAHOrO IIpeAIIpHRTHR, Ha3bIBaIoTCR
JLOleUnbHbLmU CemftmU (nc).0 6 b 1 9 ~ 0KOMIIbIOTePbI O A H O ~JIO~ -
~ a J I b H 0 f CeTHi YAaJIeHbI APYr OT APYra H a PaCCTORHHe H e 60~1ee
OAHOPO KHJIOMeTpa.
n 0 I c a J I b H a 8 CeTb A a e T B03MOXHOCTb IIOJIb30BaTeJIRM H e TOJIbKO 6 b I c ~ p e eO ~ M ~ H H B ~ TAaHHbIMH~CR A p Y r C A P p O M , HO H 6onee 3@-
@ ~ K T M B H OHCIIOJIb30BaTb PeCypCbI ~ ~ ' ~ ~ A E I H ~BHCeTbH ~ KOMIIbEOXTepOB. TZHMMPeCypCaMM MOIYT 6b1~bAMCKOBaR IIaMRTb, ~ C T P O ~ ~ - CTBO n e u a T H , c l c m e p H A p y r H e T e x H H u e c I c H e c p e A c T s a , a T a I c x e
n p o r p a M M H o e 06e~11eueHHe H ~11o6asHH@OPMWHSI B Qafinax.
C T 0 s K . H 3 p e H H R O p r a H H 3 a q H H B ~ ~ I I M O A ~ ~ C T BOTAeJIbHbIXR 3JIeMeHTOB JIG BbIAeJIRIOT A B a T H I I a TaIcHX CHCTeM:
* 0 d l 4 0 p a ~ 2 0 6 y ~ C e m b ; B ~ e 8BCe o ~ T E A H H ~ H H ~ I ~
ICOMIIbIOTePbI P a B H O I I P a B H b I ;
9 c e T b c e b ~ d e n e n n b ~cepsepom.
B IIIKOJIbHbIX KOMIIbIOTePHbIX ICJIaCCaX 9 a q e BCeTO HCIIOJIb3Y- e T C S JIG C BbIAeJIeHHbIM CePBePOM, O p r a H H 3 0 B a H H a R TI0 CJIeAYIO- q e M y I I p H H q H I I y : HMeeTCR OAHa M a I I I H H a , IcOTOpaR H a 3 b I B a e T C R
C e p 8 e p O m , H MHOXCeCTBO IIOAKJIIOseHHbIX K H ~ ICOMIIbIOTePOBG |
- |
|||
pabouux cmanquli. C e p ~ e p0 6 b 1 9 ~ 0H M e e T ~ O J I ~ I I I Y I OAHCICOBYIO |
||||
lTaMSTb, K. ~ e IIOAKJIIO9eHbI8 |
Y C T P O ~ C T B KOTOPbIX~ , |
H e T H a pa6o- |
||
9 H X C T a H q H R X : I I P H H T e P , C K a H e p , MOAeM A J I S BbIXOAa B rno6anb- |
||||
HYIO c e T b H IIP. Ha cepsepe X p a H H T c R n p o r p a M M H o e 06ecnese- |
||||
H H e H APYI'aR H H @ o ~ M ~ ~ HK.SK, . 0 ~ 0 ~ 0MOrYT8 |
0 6 p a q a ~ b ~IIOR- |
|||
J I ~ ~ O B ~ T ~ JcIeHm . H a a ~ a ~ cc~cepsep o |
I I ~ O H C X O A H T |
OT |
~ H ~ J I M ~ C K ((serverO ~ O * H n e p e B o A H T c S K a x cc O ~ C J I ~ X C H B ~ I O ~ ~ ~
~ C T ~ O ~ C Tu .B O
Ha MHOI'HX I I p e A I I p H R T H S X H a 6a3e JIOKaJIbHbIX c e ~ e fpi a 6 o ~ a -
IOT H H @ O P M B ~ E I O H H ~CHCTeMbI~ ? . H a n p ~ ~ eBp KPYIIHOM, TOPTOBOM q e H T p e H a C e p B e p e X p a H H T C S 6a3a AaHHbIX, C O A e P X C a q a S
CBeAeHHR 0 T O B a p a X , H M e I O q H X C S H a CKJIaAe. P a 6 o s ~ eC T a H q H H YCTaHOBJIeHbI B TOPTOBbIX OTAeJIaX. Ha HHX IIO 3 a I I p O C a M IIpO-
A a B q O B C C e p B e p a IIOCTyIIaeT HH@OPM~I&HR0 H a J I H s H H HYXHOTO BHAa T o s a p a . C pa6ose8 C T a H q H H H a c e p B e p n e p e A a m T c a caene-
H H S 0 IIpOAaHHOM T O B a p e . n 0 c J I e 3TOI'O C e P B e P BHOCHT COOTBeT- C T B Y I O q H e H 3 M e H e H H S B 6a3y AaHHbIX.
O C H O B On ~p o r p a ~ ~ ~0o6r eo c n e s e JIC~ ~ ~R s n s I e T c s I cemesax onepaquonnax cucmema. B a X C ~ e f i r r r a s ra a ~ a s ac e ~ e ~ oOC8 -
n o A A e p x x a T a E c o r o p e x H M a pa60~b1JIC, 9 ~ 0 6 b 1p a 6 0 ~ a 1 o q ~B e ~ e IIOJIb30BaTeJIH8 MOI'JIH HCIIOJIb30BaTb 0 6 q ~ Pee C y p C b I CeTH H
I I P H 3TOM H e MeIIIaJIH 6b1 A P Y r APYrY .
Apyro8 pa3HOBHAHOCTbIO KOMIIbIOTePHbIX c ~ T ~RBJIRIOTCRG rJI06aJIb~b1eCeTH. AaJIbIIIe pesb I I o ~ A ~HMeHHOT 0 HHX.
r J I 0 6 a J I b ~ a RC e T b CBR3bIBaeT MeXCAY co608 MHOTMe JIOKaJIb- H b I e CeTH, a T a K . X e OTAeJIbHbIe KOMIIbIOTePbI, H e B X O A R q H e B JIOIEaJIbHbIe CeTH. P a 3 M e p b 1 I ' J I 0 6 a J I b ~ b 1 x c ~ T H~ eGO r p a H H s e H b I : MO-
TYT C Y q e C T B O B a T b CeTH OT PeI'HOHaJIbHbIX A 0 BCeMHPHbIX.
O p r a ~ ~ a a qCBRBH~ s r B ~ J I O ~ ~ J I ~cHe m~ xI Xnoxoxa H a o p r a H H - 3 a q H I O T ~ J I ~ @ o H H CBR3Ho~. T e n e @ o ~KaXCAOrO a 6 0 ~ e ~IIOA~- a
IcJIIOseH K. OIIPeAeJIeHHOMY Y3JIY-KOMMYTaTOPY. C ~ 8 3 bM e X A Y
KOMMYTaTOPaMEI O p r a H E I 3 0 B a H a T a K H M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ ,9 ~ 0 6 b 1n106b1e
A B a ~ ~ o H € ? H Tr A~ e, 6b1 OHM HEI |
HaXOAHJIEICb, M O r J I H 6b1 IIOTOBO- |
||
P H T b A P Y r |
C A P Y r O M . |
T a K a R |
T ~ J I ~ @ o H H C~ eRT b <cIIOKPbIBaeTU |
B e C b M H P . |
A H ~ J I o ~ H ~ ~H O~ ~ O |
T K~ OIMOI I bTI O T e P H b I e C e T H . nepc0- |
H a J I b H b 1 8 K O M n b I O T e P IIOJIb30BaTeJISI C e T H (er0 T a K X e M O X H O H a - 3 B a T b ~ ~ O H ~ H T OnMO A) K J I I 0 9 a e T C R K O n p e A e J I e H H O M y Y3JIY CeTH . y3JIb1 C B R 3 a H b I M e X A Y co608, EI 3 T a CBSI3b A ~ ~ ~ C T BIIOCTORHHOY~. Ha PEIC. 1.1Y3JIbI C e T H 0 6 0 3 H a s e ~ b yl,1 Y2 EI T. A . , a KOMIIbIOTe- P b I ~ ~ O H ~ H T-O AB l l , A12 EI T . A.
C ~ T E I ,O ~ C J I ~ X E I B ~ I ~KaKYIo~ E ~- TO OTPaCJIb rOCYAaPCTBa (o6pa-
3 0 B a H H e , H a y K y , O ~ O P O H Y EI T. IT.), Ha3bIBaIOTCSI O m p U C J L e 6 b L n t U CeTSIMM. ECJIEIc e T b C y q e c T B y e T B n p e A e j I a x o n p e A e j I e H H o r o pem -
O H a , TO O H a H a 3 b I B a e T C R p e 2 ~ 0 E L a J L b E L 0 6 .
I C a x ~ a ps e~r H o H a n b H a s I m m o T p a c n e s a s I K o M n b I o T e p H a s I c e T b
0 6 b 1 9 ~ 0EIMeeT C B R 3 b C APYrEIMEI CeTRMEI. AJISI 3 T O r O OAEIH 113 y3-
JIOB CeTEI BbInOJIHSIeT @ Y H K ~ E I H )ULJLlO3U. OH COeAEIHReTCR JIM- H H e 8 CBR3EI C aHaJIOrEIsHbIMEI Y3JIaMEI APYrEIX c ~ T ~ G * .
C y q e c ~ ~ xy ue p~o s a ~cucmexa K o x n b m m e p r i b l x cemeii, s e -
pe3 KOTOpyIO M O X H O YCTaHOBHTb CBSI3b C C a M b I M H AaJIeKHMEI
Y r O J I K a M H I I J I a H e T b I . 3 ~ aC H C T e M a H a 3 b I B a e T C R 4 ~ I H T ~ P H ~ T ) >
*
~ O T ~ ~ ~ HB LUJII03eOCT ~C y W e C T B y e T JIHLUb B TOM C J I y s a e , eCJIH B CBR3bI - B a e M b I X CeTSIX HCnOJIb3YK)TCSI p a 3 H b I e IlpOTOKOJIbI ( C O F J I ~ I L I ~ H H R ) .
K o M I I ~ I O T ~ P H ~CSeIT b - 3TO MHOXCeCTBO KOMIIbIOTePOB, COeAM- H e H H b I X JIMHMSIMM I I e p e A a g H MH@oPM~I&MM.
J I o K ~ J I ~ HC e~T bRC B b I A e J I e H H b I M KOMIIbIOTePOM B K J I I O 9 a e T B
ce6x cepsep H M H o x e c T B o p a 6 o s ~ xc~aaqnfiCepsep. M C I I O J I ~ ~ ~ -
eTCR K a K XpaHMJIMIIJe 0 6 ~ E4I H @~ O P~M ~ I & M O H H ~ I XP e C y p C O B , a TaKXCe COAepXCMT H e K O T O p b I e T e X H M s e C K M e Y C T ~ O ~ ~ C06qeroT B ~
AOCTyIIa .
C Y L ~ ~ C T Bp eYr H~oTH a n b H b I e , o T p a c n e s b I e c e m . B H a c T o s q e e BpeMSI ~ O J I ~ I I I M H C TM3BOHMX 0 6 ' b e ~ M H e H 0 B MEIPOBYIO CMCTeMY, KOTOpaSI H a 3 b I B a e T C 5 I M H T ~ ~ )>H. ~ T
4. ?€TO T a K o e |
o T p a c n e s a R c e T b ; p e r H o H a n b H a x c e ~ b ? |
|
|
5. K ~ KH ~ ~ |
~ I B ~ B~C eTMcM pRH a R C e T b , O ~ ' ~ ~ J ( E I H R H ) WB ~ce6eR |
6onb- |
|
ILIHHCTBO C y q e c T B y m u p i x B M t i p e c e ~ e f i ? |
|
||
6. n p l i ~ y ~ a f ip a~3 JeI k I s H b I e |
cnoco6b1 COeAHHeHkIR B C e T b s e T b I p e X |
||
K O M I I b I o T e p O B - C e p B e p O B . |
H a f i J ( k I T e cnoco6, 0 6 e c n e s ~ s a m ~ q k 1 f ica- |
M ~ I KBO P O T K H ~M~ a P I I I P Y T I I e p e A a ~ k EI I H @ O P M ~ ~ I I EMI e X J ( Y n m 6 b 1 ~ k 1 A B y M R ~ ~ O H ~ H T ~ M E I .