Section II The Legal Profession in Russia

Exercise 13

Answer the following questions.

1. What types of legal profession in England do you know?

2. Do you know the types of legal profession in Russia?

Exercise 14

Choose the correct form of the words in capital letters to fill in the text and you will find out more information about types of legal professions in Russia.

The Legal Profession in Russia. Lawyers in private practice in Russia work mostly within colleges of advocates – self-managed cooperative-type organizations. There are about nineteen thousand advocates in more than one hundred colleges. The highest body of advocates’ self-management is the general ... of a college. The presidium headed by the chairperson is the executive board of each college. The presidium is elected by the general meeting for a term of three years.	MEET
Colleges of advocates are … in accordance with territorial subdivisions – in the cities, regions (oblasts), republics or autonomous entities. In its territory any college is represented by law firms or legal aid offices, which render all regular legal assistance to citizens: advocates counsel people, draft legal documents, represent plaintiffs or defendants in civil … , and provide defense in criminal proceedings.	FORMATION LITIGANT
There are now more and more American-type law firms in Russia functioning separately from colleges of advocates and especially involved in … private businesses.	REPRESENTATIVE
Many lawyers are … by the law offices of enterprises, ministries and agencies as an in-house counsel (a jurisconsult). These lawyers have all powers of an attorney, but they represent their single and permanent “client” – their respective … There are about twenty thousand of them in Russia, and in view of the economic reform this body is growing.	EMPLOYMENT ORGANIZATION
Of course, many in the legal profession teach or do academic research work. In Russia, there are forty … of higher education in law (either a law school attached to a university or a separate entity called a “juridical institute”). New private law schools are popping up. There are also separate research centers in law, the most prominent of which is the Institute of State and Law under the Academy of … of Russia.	INSTITUTE SCIENTIFIC

Exercise 15

Find in the text and translate all the derivatives from the words:

to meet, to institute, to organize, to educate, to cooperate, to employ, to assist, to manage, to grow, to execute, to separate, to elect

Exercise 16

a) Form a noun from the following verbs and translate them.

1. to employ;

2. to involve;

3. to represent;

4. to execute;

5. to elect;

6. to provide;

7. to manage.

b)Fill in the gaps using nouns and verbs from a). Translate the sentences.

1. This will give … to more people.

2. This idea was never put into…

3. Trade union representatives are chosen by …

4. The police are investigating his possible … in the crime.

5. The number of people in … has fallen.

6. The … of a new library has been of great benefit to the students.

7. “No taxation without …” means that if people pay taxes they should be in a parliament.

8. The company’s failure was mainly due to bad … .

Exercise 17

Match the words and word combinations from the text with their Russian equivalents.

college of advocates	юрисконсульт
self-managed cooperative type organisation	предоставлять
executive board	обеспечивать защиту
legal aid offices	коллегия адвокатов
render	давать рекомендации
in-house counsel	исполнительный комитет
plaintiff	независимая общественная организация
defendant	юридическая консультация
juridical	представлять истца в суде
to draft legal documents	предоставлять юридическую помощь
to represent a plaintiff	составлять юридические документы
to counsel people	юридический
to provide defence	истец
to render legal assistance	ответчик

Exercise 18

Match words in columns to make pairs of synonyms.

in-house lawyer	to appear
to draft	to increase
litigation	authority
to grow	jurisconsult
to pop (up or out)	well-known (leading)
prominent	to draw up
to research	to provide
to render	trial
to employ	to hire
powers	to look into

Exercise 19

Match the words, read and translate the new word-combinations.

Colleges of advocates	are appearing
Many lawyers	are formed in accordance with territorial subdivision
Law firms	40 institutions of higher education in law
There are	are hired as in-house counsels
New private law school	provide all regular legal assistance to citizens

Exercise 20

Answer the questions.

1. How is the college of advocates organized?

2. What does the work of advocates involve?

3. Why has the number of in-house counsels increased lately?

4. Why is the legal profession gaining popularity in Russia?

Exercise 21

Divide the text “Types of legal professions in Russia” into logical parts. Give a heading to each part. Make a brief summary using these headings as a plan.

Exercise 22

Speak about:

1. in-house counsels and their functions;

2. advocates and their functions.

Exercise 23

Grammar focus 8. Complex Object. Complex Subject

1. Complex Object

N(1)…V(act) ...

N(2)… Inf

e.g. The attorney expected his client to give true evidence.

2. Complex Subject

N … V (pass) … Inf …

e.g. He is supposed to be a key witness.

b)

N… V (act)… Inf …

e.g. He turns out to be a good advocate.

c)

N … V (to be + adj.) …

e.g. He is unlikely to violate a bail order.

Translate the following sentences.

1. The jury found the accused to be not guilty.

2. Many in the legal profession are likely to teach or to do academic research work.

3. The in-house counsel is likely to have all powers of an attorney.

4. The advocate wanted his client to give all the information about this fact.

5. The investigator is considered to be an experienced lawyer.

6. The judge expected the jury to return a unanimous verdict.

7. He was expected to be a key witness at the trial.

8. The evidence proved to be very important.

9. The investigator expected a witness to give sufficient evidence.

Exercise 24

Look at these newspaper headlines. What do you think the stories are likely to be behind the headlines?

e.g. The article is likely to be about drastic consequences of watching violent films.

Exercise 25

Writing. Write a paragraph (120-180 words) saying why you have chosen the profession of a lawyer as a perspective one. Follow the structure:

a) Write a topic sentence.

I have chosen the job of a lawyer as my future career for several reasons.

b) Give three reasons. Make use of the linking devices for listing:

First,

Besides,

Furthermore,

Then,

The second reason is…

Finally,

c) To each reason give a suitable example. Make use of the linking devices for examplification:

For example,

For instance,

To prove,

d) Finish up your paragraph with a conclusion. Make use of the linking devices for conclusion.

To sum it up,

In conclusion,

To crown it up.

Exercise 26

Writing. Work out an ideal work you would like to have. Write an essay (180 words) on this topic.