- •Part one
- •1. General points of stylistics
- •1.1. Stylistics and Its Concern
- •1.2. Connection of Stylistics with Other Branches of Linguistics
- •1.3. Stylistic functions
- •1.4. Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •1.5. Varieties of the Language
- •2. The problem of functional styles
- •2.1. Functional Stylistics and its concern
- •2.2. The Classification of Functional Styles
- •2.3. A Brief Outline of Functional Styles
- •3. Stylistic semasiology
- •3.1.Stylistic Semasiology and Its Concern
- •3.2. Tropes and Figures of Speech
- •3.3. The Classification of Lexical eMs and sDs
- •4. Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices
- •4.1. Interaction Of Different Types Of Lexical Meanings
- •4.1.1. Tropes Based on the Interaction of Two Logical Meanings
- •4.1.2. Tropes Based on the Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings
- •4.1.3. Tropes Based on the Interaction of Logical & Emotive Meanings
- •4.1.4. Tropes Based on the Interaction of Logical and Nominal Meanings
- •4.2. Intensification of a Certain Feature of a Thing or Phenomenon
- •4.3. Peculiar Use of Set Expressions
- •5. Syntactic expressive means and stylistic devices
- •5.1. Stylistic Syntax and Its Concern
- •5.2. Compositional Patterns of Syntactical Arrangement
- •5.3. Peculiar Ways of Combining Parts of the Utterance
- •5.4. Peculiar Use of Colloquial Constructions
- •5.5. Stylistic Use of Structural Meaning
- •6. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices
- •7. Graphic expressive means and stylistic devices
4.1.2. Tropes Based on the Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings
Zeugmais the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations to two adjacent words in the context. The two meanings of the word are realized in the context without the repetition of this word. It is often used in poetry and emotive prose.
E.g.Mr. Stiggingstook his hatandhis leave.
E.g.Doraplunged at onceinto privileged intimacyandinto the middle of the room.
E.g.A door on the second landing opened, and a face poked outwearing horn-rimmed glassesanda very annoyed expression.
Punis another SD based on the interaction of two well-known meanings ofаword or phrase. It aims at a humorous effect and is used in jokes, riddles, etc. It has much in common with zeugma, but it differs from it in its structure. Zeugma is the realization of the verb which refers to different subjects or objects, while pun is more independent. It can, for example, be based on:
The play upon words with the same spelling and sounding, but different meaning
E.g.«Do you serve crabshere?»
«We serve anyone! Sit down!»
E.g.Army doctor: «Do you have any physical defects?»
Inductee; «Yes, no guts.»
The play upon homophones (sound alike, but different in spelling and meaning)
E.g.«The storm caused awholelot of damage»
«A holelot of what?»
The play upon mix of phrase and their word-components
E.g.«Someoneat the door?»
«Some fourat the door.»
E.g.«Is somebodyin the room?»
«Yes, there is some bodyhere.»
4.1.3. Tropes Based on the Interaction of Logical & Emotive Meanings
Epithetis a SD based on the interplay of logical and emotive meanings in an attributive word, phrase or even sentence used to characterize an object (both existing and imaginary). It shows the evaluative, subjective attitude of the writer/speaker to the thing described. Epithets may be classified semantically and structurally.
Semantically, epithets are divided into:
associated(those which point to a feature which essential to the object they describe, i.e. the idea expressed by the epithet is inherent in the concept of the object)
E.g. dark forest;carefulattention;fantastic terrors.
unassociated(they are used to characterize the object by adding a feature not inherent in it).
E.g.Aheart-burning smile;sullenearth;voicelesssands.
Structurally, epithets are divided into:
Single:E.g.She smiledcuttinglyat him. /she made him suffer by smiling/
Two-step(i.e. adverb + adjective): E.g.apompously majesticfemale
Phrase (i.e. a group of hyphenated words):E.g.a don't-you-touch-melook; ado-it-yourselfattitude.
Inverted epithets(orreversed, i.e. presented byof-phrases):E.g.a devilof a job; theshadowof a smile.
Oxymoronis a combination of two words (mostly an adiective and a noun or an adverb with an adjective) in which the meanings of the two clash, being opposite in sense.
E.g.lowskyscrapers;sweetsorrow; apleasantlyugly face.
Oxymoron helps to emphasize contradictory qualities as a unity in the described phenomenon.
E.g.She was dressed withcareful carelessness.
Oxymoron can create a humorous effect:
E.g.He seemeddoomed to liberty(онбылобреченнасвободу).