- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
Basic vocabulary (stylistically neutral, unmarked) is independent, its meaning is broad, general and has no connotation and it has high frequency. Most useful for the speaker and hearer because are most frequent in texts of different genres, designate central concepts of human life, suffice to paraphrase and explain all the other words.
The criteria for selecting the basic vocabulary:
Quantitative criteria: most frequent items, their dispersion (over styles, registers, genres etc.) is rather equal.
Semantic criteria: represent central lexical fields like designations of persons and important animals, color terms, kin terms, body part terms etc.; and within each of these fields, the most basic lexemes are chosen.
Functional style (register of discourse) is a system of expr. means and voc. serving a definite aim of communication.
1. Classification by Martin Joos :
a. Frozen (static) - printed unchanging lang., such as Biblical quotations, contains archaisms.
b. Formal - one-way participation; in the formal events, speeches; careful and standard, low tempo speech, technical voc., complex gramm. structure, use of full name address, avoidance of main w. repetition and use of synonyms.
c. Consultative - two-way, teacher/student, doctor/patient; tendency to average speed; sentences tend to be shorter and less well planned (tend to spontaneous), ‘back-channel behavior’ (uh-huh, I see); interruptions allowed
d. Casual - w/friends or family; daily conversation; colloquial words, slang, ellipse, interruptions are common.
e. Intimate - short utterances, intonation, non-verbal means.
2. Classification by Galperin:
a. Belles-lettres - aesthetic-cognitive function, words of any style (poetry, emotive prose, drama).
b. Publicistic - persuasive (oratory and speeches, essay, article).
c. Newspaper - informative, more colloquial than its Russian counterpart (brief news items, headlines, editorials, ads and announcements).
d. Scientific - informative, terminology (article, monography, etc.).
e. Off. doc. - informative, to set some rules, terminology, cliches, (communiqué, charter, bill, formal letter, certificate).
3. Classification by Arnold:
formal styles (non-casual): poetic,scientific, newspaper;
neutral style;
non-formal styles (casual): colloquial.
19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
Formal style:
terminology (words used in a particular branch of science, technology, trade or the arts to convey a concept peculiar to this particular activity (lawsuit, bilingual) - monosemantic, but not really;
learned (bookish):
literary, or refined, that often sound foreign: solitude, felicity, cordial; used in descriptive passages of fiction; mostly polysyllabic words from Romance languages; create complex and solemn associations;
poetic diction, traditionally used only in poetry characterized by a lofty, high-flown, sometimes archaic colouring; they are more abstract;
archaic and obsolete - fully or partially out of circulation: lex. foe, gr. thy, sem. deer ‘animal’.
borrowed words;
neologisms and occasionalisms (dark-glancing);
some dialectal words or forms (shent is PP from shend);
officialese, words bureaucratic lang., assist ‘help’, proceed ‘go on’, sufficient ‘enough’;
(lexical suppletion: father – paternal, home – domestic).