- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
Generative grammar (Chomsky) is a L. theory: grammar a system of rules that is intended to generate exactly those combinations of words which form grammatical sentences in a given language. G. school focused on syntax, but also addressed other aspects, incl. morphology and phonology.
GTransGr tries to explain language creativity: how we are able to utter and interpret sentences we have not heard before. Creativity is made possible by the generative nature of TransGr. In order to create and understand newly generated sentences, we must depend on our language competence, which derives from our knowledge of gr.: gr. shapes each of our utterances, setting the boundaries for what is acceptable and ensuring that we will be understood. We compose and structure each of our utterances based on our knowledge of what is acceptable according to the gr.systems.
Syntactical categories serve as units of semantic interpretation, i.e. the meaning of a complex structure, i.e. the composition of meanings of its components. Fruge’s Principle: meaning=component+component.
Cognitive linguistics (CL) - branch of L. that interprets lang. in terms of the concepts, sometimes universal, sometimes specific to a particular tongue, which underlie its forms.
Prototypical meaning (E. Rosch 1977): hearing a word, people are more likely to think about prototypical examples than about marginal category members. One hears BIRD → prototype ‘sparrow’ comes to mind.
Figure-ground model (Talmy, 1978): FG relation explains the expression of spatial relations in natural lang. All the Sp. relations in lang. - both location or motion - are exp. by specifying the position of an object, the figure, relative to another object, the ground. The choice b/w L.&M. - the fact of motion, the specific rel-ship FG - the path:
The pen is on the table - the pen - figure, the table - ground, is - the fact of motion, on - the path.
Talmy's concepts of figure and ground are similar in many respects to Langacker's profile and base.
Langacker: profile and base (1976): the profile is the concept symbolized by the word itself, while the base is the encyclopedic knowledge that the concept presupposes. E.g., definition of ‘radius’ - ‘a line segment that joins the center of a circle with any point on its circumference’. If all we know of the concept radius is its profile, then we simply know that it is a line segment that is attached to something called the "circumference" in some greater whole called the "circle". That is to say, our understanding is fragmentary until the base concept of circle is firmly grasped.
Theory of metaphor (G.Lakoff, M. Jonson, 1980): embodied meaning: we conceptualize everything through our physical and mental perceptions; to figure out> image schema. Image schema - a recurring dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that give coherence and structure to our experience.
22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
1. GrM (categorial) - the component of meaning recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words: asked, thought, walked - tense, girls, cats - plurality.
3. LexM (material) - a reverberation in the human consciousness of ‘objects’ of reality, which becomes a fact of lang. because (only when) a constant and indissoluble connection is established b/w the reverb. and a certain sound, or sound complex.
3.1. DenM expresses the conceptual content of a word: notorious, famous ‘widely known’.
3.2. ConM (optional) - emotive charge or stylistic reference of a word (notorious ‘widely known in a bad way’, famous):
- of degree or intensity (to like – to admire – to love – to adore – to worship)
- of duration (to shudder – to shiver)
- emotive (to tremble – to shiver – to shudder (emotion of fear, horror, disgust) – to shake)
- evaluative – attitude towards the referent, labeling it as good or bad (famous – notorious)
- causative (to blush from modesty, shame or embarrassment)
- of manner (to stride – to trot – to pace - to swagger – to stagger – to stumble)
- of attendant circumstances (to peer atsmth in darkness, through the fog, from a great distance)
- stylistic: girlie (colloquial), lassie (dialect), jane, skirt (slang), maiden (poetic), damsel (archaic)
3.3 PragmM conveys info on the situation of communication:
- "time and space” relationship of the participants
- participants and the given language community
- tenor of discourse
- register of communication.
4. Morpheme: lex. (-ly, -ish), differential (cranberry, blackberry), funct. (just - justice), distributional (-er + sing- = ?).