- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
Homonyms are words identical in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, distribution and, in many cases, origin.
Sources of homonyms:
Convergent sound development. Word of different origin, due to undergoing certain sound changes, eventually accidentally coincide in their sound-form (knight – night).
Divergent meaning development. Two meanings of one polysemous word become too far from each other and any connections are lost.
Heteronyms – after conversion (google – to google)
Shortening – rep (reputation, representative).
Sound imitation – bang, n (a loud, sudden, explosive noise) – bang, n (a fringe of hair combed over the forehead).
Classifications:
Formal:
homophones – words identical in sound form but different in spelling // son : : sun, sea : : see
homographs – words identical in spelling but different in sound form and meaning // lead [li:d] ‘guide’ – lead [led] ‘soft, easily melting metal’
proper homonyms (full, absolute) - words identical in sound and graphic form but different meaning // case – 1. smth that happens, 2. a box
Semantic:
lexical homonyms - words of the same part of speech, differing in their lexical meanings: bank 1 : : bank 2, ball 1 : : ball 2; piece : : peace, knight : : night, air : : heir and many others.
lexico-grammatical homonyms differ in lexical and part-of-speech meanings, i.e. they belong to different parts of speech: sea, n. : : see, v., red, a. : : read, v., mean, a. : : mean, v., paw, n. : : pour, v. etc.
grammatical homonyms - word-forms belonging to the same paradigm, differing in their grammatical meanings: brothers, pl. - brother's, sing. possessive case - brothers', pl. possess.
30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
Hyponymy (=subordination, superordination) is a semantic relationship of inclusion. The hierarchical relationship between the meaning of the general and individual terms.
Features:
1. Hyponymy is transitive. A hyponym inherits all the features of the more generative concepts and adds at least one feature that distinguishes it from the higher concept and from any other hyponym of that group. The hypernym transfers some of the characteristics to the hyponym.
2. The hyponymic relations are asymmetrical because one hypernym can have many hyponyms but not vice versa. Also in speech a hypernym term may be used instead of its hyponym, but not vice versa. e.g.: He owed a canary but the bird didn’t sing. (‘canary’ may be placed at the beginning of the sentence). The bird – an anaphoric noun; a canary – its antecedent.
Types of hyponymic relations.
Within nouns:
Meronymy. Meronym – a part, holonym – the whole.
Hypernym (more general term) – hyponym (more specific term).
Within verbs: entailment:
1. temporal inclusion – one of verbs includes the other:
a) troponymy or co-extensiveness – a manner of doing, they happen at the same time (drive – ride, limp-walk),
b) proper inclusion – hyponym takes only part of the time of a hypernym (snore – sleep);
2. temporal exclusion – actions do not coincide in time:
a) backward presupposition (reversives) (fail/succeed – try, untie – tie),
b) cause – the same action from different point of view (give - have)