- •Экзаменационные вопросы по лексикологии
- •1. Lexicology as a linguistic science: the object, aims, relations with other branches of linguistics.
- •2. Word as the basic unit of the language. The theory of nomination.
- •Variations of the word:
- •3. Methods of lexicological research: comparative, statistical, ic analysis.
- •3. Classification of ling. Methods:
- •4. Methods of lexicological research: distributional, transformational, componential analyses.
- •5. The problem of classification of the vocabulary.
- •1. Alphabetic:
- •6. The vocabulary as a complex adaptive system. Obsolete words. Neologisms.
- •7. The English word-stock from the point of view of its origin. The role of native words.
- •8. Classification of borrowings according to the borrowed aspect, degree of assimilation, source.
- •9. The influence of borrowings. Etymological doublets. International words. Hybrids.
- •1. The phonetic structure of Eng. Words and the sound system:
- •2. The word-structure and the system of word-building:
- •3. The semantic structure of Eng. Words:
- •4. The lexical territorial divergence:
- •10. The notion of the morpheme. Classification of morphemes.
- •1. Semantic:
- •2. Structural:
- •11. Derivational structure of English words. Productive patterns.
- •12. Affixation. Classification of affixes.
- •13. Conversion, its features and types.
- •14. Compounding. Criteria of compounds. Types of compounds.
- •15. Shortening. Blending.
- •16. Back-formation. Onomatopoeia. Reduplication. Sound- and stress-interchange.
- •17. Territorial and social variation of the English language.
- •18. Functional styles and basic vocabulary.
- •1. Classification by Martin Joos :
- •2. Classification by Galperin:
- •3. Classification by Arnold:
- •19. Lexical peculiarities of formal and informal styles.
- •Informal style:
- •20. Semantic theories in Comparative historical and Structural paradigms.
- •21. Semantic theories in Generative and Cognitive paradigms.
- •22. Types of meaning. Lexical meaning as a structure.
- •Vinogradov’s classification of LexM:
- •1. Free:
- •2. Bound:
- •23. Ways of meaning representation. Motivation and meaning.
- •24. Polysemy and context. Formal (logical) relations among the meanings.
- •25. Semantic change: its causes, nature and types.
- •3. Syntagmatic causes:
- •4. Paradigmatic causes:
- •26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
- •27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
- •28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
- •29. Homonymy, its sources and types.
- •30. Hyponymy, its features and types.
- •31. Phraseology, its methods and sources.
- •1. Native pu:
- •2. Borrowed pu:
- •32. Phraseological units vs. Free word groups. Proverbs, sayings, familiar quotations and clichés.
- •33. Different classifications of phraseological units (according to the degree of motivation, structural mobility, semantic, structural, part of speech).
- •34. Lexicography as a branch of linguistics. Main types of English dictionaries.
- •1. According to the nature of word-list:
- •2. As to the information they provide:
- •4. According to the medium used:
26. Synonymy. Classification of synonyms.
Synonyms are words belonging to one part of speech, close in meaning and interchangeable at least in some contexts. They are characterized by the semantic relations of proximity or equivalence.
The highest degree of semantic proximity is observed when the denotational meanings are similar, but the connotational (famous - notorious) or the pragmatic (fatherly - paternal) meanings differ.
Synonymic dominant - the most general term potentially cont. the specific feat. of all other members of the syn. group.
Sources: borrowing, word-building (lab - laboratory), phrasal verbs and set expressions, euphemisms – a shift of unpleasant meaning of a word to a more pleasant or milder one (naked – in one’s birthday suit, battle fatigue - PTSD).
Russian classification:
Stylistic - no interchangeability in context, because the underlying situations are different (teens - adolescents).
Ideographic - differences in denotational meaning (forest - wood).
Ideographic-stylistic - the lowest degree of semantic proximity, differ both in D. and C. and/or P. meanings (ask - inquire).
Dialectal (lift - elevator).
Contextual - similar in meaning only under certain conditions.
Absolute - completely the same in meaning (stops - plosives).
Western classification: absolute (total), cognitive (liberty - freedom), near-synonyms (stream-brook), cross-linguistic near-synonyms.
27. Lexical variants. Paronyms. Euphemisms. Political correctness.
Lexical variants are those variations of the word which are not conditioned by contextual environment, but are optional with the individual speaker (whoever - whosoever, directly [i] - [ai], whisky - whiskey. LV are different from S, because they are characterized by similarity in phonetically or spelling form and identity of both meaning and distribution.
Paronyms are words with similar pronunciations but different spellings and meanings. E.g.: accept (v) ‘to take or receive that which is offered’, except (prep) ‘excluding’.
Euphemism is a more acceptable word used to replace an unpleasant one: to die - to expire, to pass away, to depart, to join the majority, to kick the bucket, etc. Needed for the substitution of taboo words in order to avoid a direct confrontation with topics that are embarrassing, frightening, or uncomfortable: God, the devil, sex, death, money, war, crime, or religion. Dysphemism/malphemism - a harsh word instead of a polite one (dead - worm food).
Political correctness - using words or behavior which will not offend any group of people belonging to different races, genders, beliefs, religions, sexual orientations: blind, deaf - vision/hearing impaired, dumb - mute, without speech.
28. Antonymy. Classification of antonyms.
Antonyms – a class of words grouped together on the basis of the semantic relations of opposition. Antonyms are words belonging to one part of speech sharing certain common semantic characteristics and in this respect they are similar to such semantic classes as synonyms, lexical sets, lexico-semantic groups.
A polysemantic word may have an antonym for each of its meanings
e.g. dull – interesting, amusing, entertaining
dull – clever, bright, capable
dull - active
Classifications:
Morphological:
of the same root (derivational) (useful – useless)
of different roots (small – big)
Semantic:
contradictories (complementary) — mutually opposed, deny one another // dead - alive, single – married, do – undo, male - female
contraries (proper) - can be arranged into a series according to the increasing difference in one of their qualities (gradable antonyms) // cold – cool – warm – hot
incompatibles - relations of exclusion // winter - not spring, not summer, not autumn
conversives – the same thing but viewed from different POVs // buy – sell, left – right
reversives – the opposite things // fall – rise, up – down
enantiosemy – meaning different within one word
near opposites - not the marginal members of the gradation scale // bad – excellent