OpenBook

<ebygb_ dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby gZ gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby H<J

?keb \ j_amevlZl_ H<J h[jZamxlky dhfie_dkgu_ kh_^bg_gby \ dhlhjuo jhev dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ey b]jZxl ihl_gpbZehij_^_eyx sb_ bhgu lh dhgp_gljZpby wlbo bhgh\ \ jZkl\hj_ j_adh mf_gvrZ_lky <ke_^kl\b_ wlh]h ihl_gpbZeu khhl\_lkl\mxsbo ihemj_Zdpbc baf_ gyxlky qlh fh`_l ijb\_klb d baf_g_gbx gZijZ\e_gby H<J

Ijbf_j Hij_^_eblv gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby j_Zdpbc ijb 25 hK \ kbkl_fZo

Z Hg + 4HBr < H2 + H2[HgBr4]; [ Hg + 4HI < H2 + H2[HgI4],

_keb dhgp_gljZpbb HBr b HI \ jZkl\hjZo jZ\gu fhev e dhgp_gljZ pbb bhgh\>HgBr4]2– b>HgI4]2– jZ\gu fhev e ^Z\e_gb_ \h^hjh^Z jZ\ gh dIZ

J_r_gb_

JZkkqblZ_f dhgp_gljZpbx bhgh\ Hg2+ h[jZamxsboky \ j_amev lZl_ ^bkkhpbZpbb bhgh\ >HgBr4]2– Ijb wlhf ^himkdZ_f qlh dhgp_g ljZpby bhgh\ Br– \ jZkl\hj_ jZ\gZ dhgp_gljZpbb HBr b khklZ\ey_l 2 fhev e

D g_kl [HgBr4]2– = k(Hg2+ ) c4 (Br− ) = 2 10− 22 . c([HgBr4 ]2− )

Hlkx^Z	K(gg_k) k([HgBr4 ]2− )
c(Hg2+ ) =			=	2 10−22	1		= 1,25	10− 23
	c4 (Br	− )		24

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ jZ\gh\_kgh]h ihl_gpbZeZ ^Zgghc dhgp_gljZpbb bhgh\ Hg2+:

fhev e.

EHg 2+ Hg0 ijb

E

2+

0

= E0

2+

0

−

0,059

lg

1

=

c(Hg2+ )

Hg

Hg

Hg

Hg

2

= 0,85 −

0,059

lg

1

= 0,174B.

1,2510− 23

2

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ ihl_gpbZeZ E2H + H02 ^himklb\ qlh dhg p_gljZpby bhgh\ G+ jZ\gZ dhgp_gljZpbb HI b khklZ\ey_l fhev e

E	+	0	= E		+	0	−	0,059	lg			1			= 0 −	0,059	lg	1		= 0,018B .
				2H							2		+						2
2H		H 2				H 2	2			c		(H		)	2			2

101

Hij_^_ebf gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby j_Zdpbb©ZªIhkdhevdm \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ [he__ \ukhdbf y\ey_lky agZq_gb_ ihl_gpbZeZ jlmlb lh bhgu Hg2+ h[jZah\Z\rb_ky ba>HgBr4]2– hdbkeyxl fhe_dmeu \h^hjh ^Z b j_Zdpby©Zªijhl_dZ_l kijZ\Z gZe_\h.

JZkkqblZ_f dhgp_gljZpbx bhgh\ Hg2+ h[jZamxsboky \ j_amev lZl_ ^bkkhpbZpbb bhgh\>HgI4]2- Ijb wlhf ^himkdZ_f qlh dhgp_gljZ pby bhgh\ I- \ jZkl\hj_ jZ\gZ dhgp_gljZpbb HI b khklZ\ey_l fhev e

D g_kl [HgI4]2– =

c(Hg2+ ) c4

(I

− )

= 1,48

10−30 .

c([HgI4 ]2

− )

Hlkx^Z

c(Hg2+ ) =

K(g_kl) k([HgI

4

]2− )

=

1,4810−30 1

= 9,2510−32

fhev e.

c4 (I− )

24

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ jZ\gh\_kgh]h ihl_gpbZeZ E

Hg

2+

Hg

0 ijb

^Zgghc dhgp_gljZpbb bhgh\ Hg2+:

E

2+

0

= E

0

2+

0

−

0,059

lg

1

=

c(Hg2+ )

Hg

Hg

Hg

Hg

2

= 0,85 −

0,059

lg

1

= −0,065B.

9,2510−32

2

Hij_^_ebf gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby j_Zdpbb ©[ªIhkdhevdm \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ [he__ \ukhdbf y\ey_lky agZq_gb_ ihl_gpbZeZ \h^hjh^Z lh bhgu++ hdbkeyxl jlmlv b j_Zdpby©[ªijhl_dZ_l ke_\Z gZijZ\h.

Ih wlhc `_ ijbqbg_ f_^v \ul_kgy_l \h^hjh^ ba \h^guo jZkl\h jh\ pbZgb^h\

<hijhku ^ey kZfhklhyl_evghc ih^]hlh\db

1.Qlh lZdh_ kl_i_gv hdbke_gby" DZdb_ agZq_gby hgZ fh`_l ijbgb fZlv" Q_fm jZ\gZ kmffZ kl_i_g_c hdbke_gby Zlhfh\ \ fhe_dme_ \ bhg_"

2.DZdb_ j_Zdpbb hlghkylky d hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguf"

3.< q_f aZdexqZxlky k lhqdb aj_gby we_dljhgghc l_hjbb ijhp_kku hdbke_gby b \hkklZgh\e_gby" DZd baf_gyxlky agZq_gby kl_i_g_c hdbke_gby Zlhfh\ \ j_amevlZl_ wlbo ijhp_kkh\"

4.DZd aZ\bkyl hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z \_s_kl\ hl agZq_gbc kl_i_g_c hdbke_gby Zlhfh\ \oh^ysbo \ bo khklZ\"

5.Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju lbibqguo \hkklZgh\bl_e_c

102

6.DZdb_ \_s_kl\Z y\eyxlky lbibqgufb hdbkebl_eyfb"

7.Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju \_s_kl\ dhlhju_ \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl mkeh\bc fh]ml ijhy\eylv dZd hdbkebl_evgu_ lZd b \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z"

8.DZd deZkkbnbpbjmxlky hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ j_Zd pbb" Q_f hlebqZxlky j_Zdpbb f_`fhe_dmeyjgh]h hdbke_gby- \hkklZgh\e_gby hl j_Zdpbc \gmljbfhe_dmeyjgh]h hdbke_gby- \hkklZgh\e_gby j_Zdpbb ^bkijhihjpbhgbjh\Zgby hl j_Zdpbc dhfijhihjpbhgbjh\Zgby"

9.Qlh y\ey_lky dhebq_kl\_gghc oZjZdl_jbklbdhc hdbkebl_evgh- \hkklZgh\bl_evguo k\hckl\ \_s_kl\" Qlh ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc klZg^Zjlguc we_dljh^guc hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguc ih l_gpbZe"

10.DZdb_ ihl_gpbZeu gZau\Zxlky jZ\gh\_kgufb"DZd hgb k\yaZgu kh klZg^Zjlgufb we_dljh^gufb ihl_gpbZeZfb" Hl dZdbo nZdlhjh\ aZ\bkbl \_ebqbgZ jZ\gh\_kgh]h ihl_gpbZeZ"

11.DZd k\yaZgu hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z \_s_kl\ kh agZq_gbyfb we_dljh^guo ihl_gpbZeh\ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo ihem j_Zdpbc"

12.DZd hp_gb\Z_lky ijbgpbibZevgZy \hafh`ghklv ijhl_dZgby H<J \ mdZaZgghf gZijZ\e_gbb"

13.DZd hij_^_ey_lky gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby H<J"

14.DZd fh`gh hij_^_eblv gZb[he__ \_jhylgmx H<J ba g_kdhevdbo \hafh`guo j_Zdpbc"

15.DZdh\Z aZ\bkbfhklv dhgklZglu obfbq_kdh]h jZ\gh\_kby H<J hl agZq_gbc we_dljh^guo ihl_gpbZeh\ ihemj_Zdpbc"

16.DZdb_ nZdlhju hdZau\Zxl \ebygb_ gZ gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby H<J"HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ \ebygb_ dZ`^h]h ba gbo

17.DZdh\Z jhev hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguo j_Zdpbc \ ijhp_k kZo `bag_^_yl_evghklb"

18.< q_f aZdexqZ_lky ijbgpbibZevgh_ hlebqb_ H<J ijhl_dZxsbo \ `b\uo hj]ZgbafZo hl H<J ijhl_dZxsbo \ g_`b\hc ijbjh^_"

AZ^Zqb ^ey j_r_gby

206.F_lh^hf we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ jZkklZ\blv dhwnnbpb_glu \ mjZ\g_gbyo H<J mdZaZlv hdbkebl_ev b \hkklZgh\bl_ev

Z) SnCl2+K2Cr2O7 +H2SO4 :

: SnCl4+Sn(SO4)2+Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+G2H;

[) FeSO4+HNO3 :)H2(SO4)3+Fe(NO3)+NO2+H2O;

\) P4+Sr(OH)2 :3+3+Sr(H2PO2)2+H2O;

103

]) KMnO4+FeSO4+H2O :

: K2SO4+MnO2+Fe(OH)SO4+[(Fe(OH)2]2SO4; ^) Al+HClO3 : $O&O3+Al(ClO3)3+H2O;

_) FeS2+KOH+Cl2 :.2FeO4+K2SO4+KCl+H2O; `) H2O2+Mn3O4+H2SO4 :22+MnSO4+H2O;

a) Fe(OH)2 + NO2 :)H 123)3 + NO + H2O; b) P2S3+H2SO4(dhgp.) :+3PO4+SO2+H2O; d) (NH4)2CrO4 :12+NH3+Cr2O3+H2O.

207.AZdhgqblv mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc f_lh^hf we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ jZkklZ\blv dhwnnbpb_glu mdZaZlv hdbkebl_ev b \hkklZgh\bl_ev Z) I2+Cl2+H2O :+&O «

[) Ba(OH)2+Br2 :%D %U23)2 + …

\) KMnO4+PH3+H2SO4 :+3PO4 + … ]) H3AsO4+Al+H2SO4 : $V+3 + … ^) Ca(ClO)2+HCl :&O2 + …

208.Hij_^_eblv gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby \ klZg^Zjlguo mkeh\byo ke_^mxsbo j_Zdpbc

Z) H2O2+HOCl <+&O 22+H2O; [) H3PO4+2HI < H3PO3+I2+H2O; \) 2FeCl3+Cu <)H&O2+CuCl2; ]) SnCl4+2KI <6Q&O2+I2+2KCl;

^) H2SO3+Cl2+H2O <+2SO4+2HCl.

209.DZdb_ ba mdZaZgguo j_Zdpbc fh]ml ijhl_dZlv \ klZg^Zjlguo mk

eh\byo

Z) MnO −4 +Ag0 :0Q2 24− +Ag+;

[) MnO −4 +3Ag0+2H2O :0Q22+3Ag++4OH-;

\) MnO −4 +8H++5Ag0 :0Q2++5Ag++4H2O?

210. < \h^ghf jZkl\hj_ k(Hg2+ fhev e c(Fe3+ fhev e c(Fe2+ fhev e DZdZy ba j_Zdpbc fh`_l ijhl_dZlv kZfh ijhba\hevgh

Z FeCl3+Hg : FeCl2+HgCl2;

[) HgCl2+2FeCl2 :+J )H&O3?

211.AZdhgqblv mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ^bkfmlZpbb jZkklZ\blv dhwnnbpb _glu f_lh^hf we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ

Z) K2SO3 :.2S + … [) HClO3 :&O22 + … \) P4O6+H2O :3+3 + …

]) NO2+Ca(OH)2 :&D 122)2 + … ^) Se+KOH :.2SeO3 + …

104

212.AZdhgqblv mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc dhgfmlZpbb jZkklZ\blv dhwnnbpb _glu f_lh^hf we_dljhggh]h [ZeZgkZ

Z) SO2+H2S :

[) Ca(ClO3)2+HCl(dhgp.) : \) H2S+H2SO4(dhgp.) :

]) KMnO4+MnSO4+H2O :

213.Fh`gh eb oehjb^hf `_e_aZ III \ jZkl\hj_ hdbkeblv kmevnb^ gZ ljby ^h k_ju ^h kmevnblZ gZljby ^h kmevnZlZ gZljby"Ijh\_^b l_ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ jZkq_lu KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gb_ \hafh`ghc H<J

214.;m^_l eb hdbkeylvky nhknhjbklZy dbkehlZ ijb klZg^Zjlguo mkeh \byo ih ke_^mxsbf ko_fZf"

Z) H3PO3 + I2 + H2O :

[) H3PO3 + AgNO3 +H2O : $J0 + \) H3PO3 + Cd(NO3)2 + H2O :&G0 + ]) H3PO3 + Hg(NO3)2 + H2O :+J0 +

AZdhgqbl_ mjZ\g_gby \hafh`guo j_Zdpbc jZkklZ\vl_ dhwnnbpb _glu

215.Fh`gh eb ijb klZg^Zjlguo mkeh\byo ijb]hlh\blv jZkl\hj kh ^_j`Zsbc h^gh\j_f_ggh

Z DMnO4 b KI;	[ CuSO4 b NaBr;	\ H2O2 b H2S;
] Cu(NO3)2 b <ZI2;	^ Cl2 b CrCl2;	_ D2Kr2O7 b K2S?

Ijh\_^bl_ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ jZkq_lu KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby \ha fh`guo H<J

216.JZkkqblZcl_ agZq_gby dhgklZgl jZ\gh\_kby j_Zdpbc \ klZg^Zjl guo mkeh\byo

Z) SnCl4 + 2TiCl3 = SnCl2 + 2TiCl4; [) SnCl4 + 2CrCl2 = SnCl2 + 2CrCl3.

< dZdhc ba ^Zgguo j_Zdpbc ijhbkoh^bl [he__ ihegh_ \hkklZgh\ e_gb_ bhgh\ heh\Z"

217.DZdb_ ba mdZaZgguo gb`_ \_s_kl\ fh]ml ijhy\eylv lhevdh hdbk ebl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z lhevdh \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ dZd hdbkebl_ev gu_ lZd b \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z

Z) KMnO4; MnO2; V2O5; KI; [) PbO2; NH3; KNO2; (NH4)2S;

\) K2SO3; HNO3; CaCrO4; P4O6?

218.Hp_gblv \hafh`ghklv ijhl_dZgby H<J f_`^m \_s_kl\Zfb

Z HNO3 b P2O5;	[ H2S b H2SO dhgp ;	\ K2Cr2O7 b HClO4;
] H2S b NH3;	^ SnO b CrO3;	_ KH2O b O2.

GZibkZlv mjZ\g_gby \hafh`guo H<J jZkklZ\blv dhwnnbpb_glu

105

219.< dZdhf gZijZ\e_gbb ijhl_dZxl mdZaZggu_ j_Zdpbb \ klZg^Zjl

guo mkeh\byo

Z) NO3− + Cr3+ + H2O <12 &U2O 72− + H+; [) Fe2+ + MnO −4 + H+ <)H3+ + Mn2+ + H2O; \) Co2+ + MnO −4 + H+ <&R3+ + Mn2+ + H2O.

220.Fh`gh eb bkihevah\Zlv hdkb^ k\bgpZ IV \ dZq_kl\_ hdbkebl_ey

^ey hkms_kl\e_gby \ klZg^Zjlguo mkeh\byo mdZaZgguo j_Zdpbc

Z) I2 + 6H2O - • :,23- + 12H+; [) Mn2+ + 4H2O - • :0Q24- + 8H+; \ Sn2+ - •: Sn4+;

] Cr3+ + 7H2O - • : Cr2O72- + 14H+.

221.Hij_^_eblv gZijZ\e_gb_ ijhl_dZgby j_Zdpbb \ kbkl_f_

2Co2+ + Pb4+ <&R3+ + Pb2+,

_keb dhgp_gljZpbb bhgh\ jZ\gu

c(Co2+) = 1·10–1 fhev e c(Co3+) = 1 · 10–5 fhev e c(Pb2+) = 1·10–4 fhev e c(Pb4+) = 1 · 10–2 fhev e

222.DZd \eby_l ihgb`_gb_ \_ebqbgu jG jZkl\hjZ gZ \_ebqbgm hdbk

ebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgh]h ihl_gpbZeZ ihemj_Zdpbb

Z MnO4ØH+ • : Mn2+ + 4H2O; [) Fe3+ • :)H2+;

\) CrO 24− +2H22• :&U2 −4 + 4OH–.

223.DZdZy ba j_Zdpbc gZb[he__ \_jhylgZ \ klZg^Zjlguo mkeh\byo

Z) SnCl4 + Fe :6Q&O2 + FeCl2;

[) SnCl4 + 2Fe :6Q )H&O2.

224.Fh]ml eb \ klZg^Zjlguo mkeh\byo ijhl_dZlv j_Zdpbb

Z) Ag + H2SO4 (jZa[.) : $J2SO4 + H2; [) Fe + FeCl3 :)H&O2;

\) Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 :&X624 + FeSO4; ]) Hg + H2S :+2 + HgS?

225.K ihfhsvx khhl\_lkl\mxsbo jZkq_lh\ ihdZ`bl_ dZd baf_gblky ihl_gpbZe ihemj_Zdpbb Cr2O 72− + 14H+ • : Cr3+ +7H2O ijb m\_ebq_gbb jG jZkl\hjZ hl ^h _keb dhgp_gljZpbb bhgh\ Cr2O 72− b Cr3+ jZ\gu fhev e

226.DZdhc ba hdbkebl_e_c – KMnO4., PbO2 beb K2Cr2O7 ijb klZg^Zjl guo mkeh\byo y\ey_lky gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\guf ih hlghr_gbx d HCl ijb ihemq_gbb oehjZ"Ijh\_^bl_ khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ jZkq_lu khklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc k mqZklb_f mdZaZgguo hdbkebl_e_c jZkklZ\vl_ dhwnnbpb_glu

106

227.We_dljh^guc ihl_gpbZe pbgdZ ihf_s_ggh]h \ jZkl\hj gbljZlZ pbgdZ jZ\_g –0,85 < <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fheyjghc dhgp_gljZ pbb bhgh\ pbgdZ \ ^Zgghf jZkl\hj_

228.Hij_^_ebl_ gZb[he__ \_jhylgu_ ijh^mdlu j_Zdpbc \ klZg^Zjl guo mkeh\byo

Z) KMnO4 + K2S + H2O : [) NaNO2 + NaI + HCl : \ H2O2 + HI :

229.< dZdhc kj_^_ i_jfZg]ZgZlu ijhy\eyxl gZb[he__ kbevgu_ hdbk ebl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z"Ihq_fm"KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby H<J \aZbfh ^_ckl\by i_jfZg]ZgZlZ dZeby k kmevnblhf gZljby \ jZaguo kj_ ^Zo jZkklZ\vl_ dhwnnbpb_glu

230.>hibrbl_ ijb\_^_ggu_ gb`_ ko_fu \ dhlhjuo mdZaZgu bhgu lhevdh bkoh^guo \_s_kl\ Ih^[_jbl_ dhwnnbpb_glu b gZibrbl_

khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc \ fhe_dmeyjghc nhjf_ Z) Fe3+ + IØ : [) Kr2O 72− + NO −2 + H+ : \) NO3− + Zn + H+ :

231.JZkkqblZcl_ fZkkm i_jfZg]ZgZlZ dZeby g_h[oh^bfh]h ^ey ijb]h lh\e_gby jZkl\hjZ h[t_fhf ^f3 k fheyjghc dhgp_gljZpb_c wd\b\Ze_glZ ^Zgghc kheb fhev e _keb ba\_klgh qlh ijb]h lh\e_gguc jZkl\hj [m^_l bkihevah\Zg ^ey hdbke_gby \ g_cljZev ghc kj_^_

232.<uqbkebl_ fheyjgmx dhgp_gljZpbx wd\b\Ze_glZ ^bojhfZlZ dZ

eby \ jZkl\hj_ k fZkkh\hc ^he_c _]h b iehlghklvx jZkl\hjZ

d] f3 _keb ^bojhfZl-bhg \hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky ^h Cr3+.

233.DZdhc ba hdbkebl_e_c MnO2; PbO2; K2Cr2O7 y\ey_lky gZb[he__ wnn_dlb\guf ih hlghr_gbx d HCl ijb ihemq_gbb oehjZ"

=E : < : X

DHHJ>BG:PBHGGU? KH?>BG?GBY

GZb[he__ h[rbjguc b jZaghh[jZaguc deZkk g_hj]Zgbq_kdbo \_ s_kl\ ij_^klZ\eyxl dhfie_dkgu_ beb dhhj^bgZpbhggu_ kh_^bg_gbyDK < ihke_^g__ \j_fy \ gZmqghc ebl_jZlmj_ gZjy^m k l_jfbghf dhfie_dkgu_ kh_^bg_gby qZklh mihlj_[ey_lky lh`^_kl\_gguc _fm l_jfbg dhhj^bgZpbhggu_ kh_^bg_gby H^gZdh l_jfbg dhfie_dkgh_ kh_^bg_gb_ \ gZmqghc obfbq_kdhc ebl_jZlmj_ ijh^he`Z_l rbjhdh ijbf_gylvky < gZklhys__ \j_fy _]h qZs_ ijbf_gyxl d bhgZf – dhf ie_dkguc bhgª Ijhp_kk h[jZah\Zgby dhfie_dkguo kh_^bg_gbc gZau \Zxl ijhp_kkhf dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zgby Ih f_j_ lh]h dZd d dhhj^bgZ

107

pbhgguf hlghkbeb \k_ gh\u_ lbiu kh_^bg_gbc klZgh\behkv \k_ ljm^g__ ^Zlv bf hij_^_e_gb_ ;_amkeh\gh [_amij_qgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ dhhj^bgZpbhgghfm kh_^bg_gbx ^Zlv hq_gv ljm^gh L_f g_ f_g__ fh`gh ij_^eh`blv ke_^mxs__ Dhhj^bgZpbhggufb gZau\Zxlky kh _^bg_gby \ maeZo djbklZeebq_kdbo j_r_lhd dhlhjuo gZoh^ylky dhf ie_dkgu_ qZklbpu kihkh[gu_ d kms_kl\h\Zgbx \ jZkl\hjZo Wlb qZklbpu h[jZah\Zgu aZ kq_l dhhj^bgZpbb we_dljhgh^_nbpblguf Zlh fhf beb dZlbhghf Zdp_ilhju we_dljhgh\ we_dljhg_cljZevguo qZk lbp beb Zgbhgh\ ^hghju we_dljhgh\

Hkgh\gu_ iheh`_gby dhhj^bgZpbhgghc l_hjbb

Lbiu dhfie_dkguo kh_^bg_gbc

Kljh_gb_ b k\hckl\Z dhhj^bgZpbhgguo kh_^bg_gbc h[tykgyxlky dhhj^bgZpbhgghc l_hjb_c hkgh\u dhlhjhc [ueb aZeh`_gu \ ]h ^m : <_jg_jhf Hg ijbr_e d aZdexq_gbx qlh \ khklZ\ dhfie_dkgh]h kh_^bg_gby \oh^bl keh`gZy qZklbpZ khklhysZy ba p_gljZevgh]h ZlhfZ lZd`_ gZau\Z_fh]h dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_e_f bhg f_lZeeZ

\hdjm] dhlhjh]h jZkiheZ]Zxlky dhhj^bgbjmxlky g_cljZevgu_ fhe_ dmeu beb Zgbhgu gZau\Zxsb_ky eb]Zg^Zfb Qbkeh dhhj^bgbjh\Zg guo eb]Zg^h\ qZs_ \k_]h jZ\gh beb Dhhj^bgZpby©m^_j`b\Z gb_ªeb]Zg^h\ hdheh p_gljZevgh]h ZlhfZ hkms_kl\ey_lky aZ kq_l h[ jZah\Zgby obfbq_kdbo k\ya_c Wlb k\yab gZau\Zxl dhhj^bgZpbhggu fb k\yayfb Dhebq_kl\h dhhj^bgZpbhgguo k\ya_c dhlhju_ h[jZam_l h^bg eb]Zg^ k dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_e_f gZau\Z_lky ^_glZlghklvx eb]Zg^Z ^b- ljb- l_ljZ^_glZlguc b l ^ H[s__ qbkeh obfbq_kdbo k\ya_c dhlhjh_ dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ev h[jZam_l k eb]Zg^Zfb gZau\Z _lky dhhj^bgZpbhgguf qbkehf dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ey

Kh\hdmighklv bhgZ f_lZeeZ b hdjm`Zxsbo _]h eb]Zg^h\ [ueZ gZa\ZgZ <_jg_jhf \gmlj_gg_c kn_jhc dhfie_dkZ < nhjfmeZo dhhj ^bgZpbhgguo kh_^bg_gbc __ aZdexqZxl \ d\Z^jZlgu_ kdh[db <k_ qlh gZoh^blky aZ d\Z^jZlgufb kdh[dZfb khklZ\ey_l \g_rgxx kn_jm < aZ\bkbfhklb hl agZdZ aZjy^Z \gmlj_gg_c kn_ju jZaebqZxl Zgbhggu_ dhfie_dku gZijbf_j.2[Zn(CN)4@]^_ \gmlj_ggyy kn_jZ>=Q &14]2– –

Zgbhg; dZlbhggu_ dhfie_dku – [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 ]^_ \gmlj_ggyy kn_jZ

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ – dZlbhg b g_cljZevgu_ dhfie_dku >3W 1+3)2Cl2]0.

G_cljZevgu_ dhfie_dkgu_ kh_^bg_gby g_ bf_xl \g_rg_c kn_ju AZ jy^ \gmlj_gg_c kn_ju jZ\_g Ze]_[jZbq_kdhc kmff_ aZjy^Z p_gljZev gh]h bhgZ b aZjy^Z eb]Zg^h\

Ijbf_j JZkkfhljbf kljh_gb_ dhfie_dkgh]h kh_^bg_gby khklZ \Z.4[Fe(CN)6].

108

J_r_gb_

Bhgu D+ – \g_rgyy kn_jZ>)H &16]4– – \gmlj_ggyy kn_jZ dhf ie_dkgh]h kh_^bg_gby khklhysZy ba dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ey bhg Fe3+ b eb]Zg^h\ bhgh\ &1– H^bg eb]Zg^ &1– k\yau\Z_lky k dhf ie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_e_f)H3+ lhevdh h^ghc k\yavx ihwlhfm ^_glZlghklv wlh]h eb]Zg^Z jZ\gZ Dhebq_kl\h dhhj^bgZpbhgguo k\ya_c dhlhju fb dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ev k\yaZg kh \k_fb eb]Zg^Zfb jZ\gh ke_ ^h\Zl_evgh dhhj^bgZpbhggh_ qbkeh `_e_aZ \ ^Zgghf dhfie_dkghf kh_^bg_gbb jZ\gh

< ijb\_^_gghc lZ[ebp_ jZkkfhlj_gh kljh_gb_ g_dhlhjuo dhf ie_dkguo kh_^bg_gbc

		Dhfie_dkgh_ kh_^bg_gb_
Kljmdlmjguc we_f_gl
	[Cr(H2O)6]Cl3	K[Ag(CN)2]	[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]	K3[Ag(S2O3)2]
<gmlj_ggyy kn_jZ	[Cr(H2O)6]3+	[Ag(CN)2]–	[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]	[Ag(S2O3)2]3Ø
<g_rgyy cn_jZ	Cl-	K+	—	K+
P_gljZevguc Zlhf	Cr3+	Ag+	Pt2+	Ag+
Eb]Zg^	H2O	CN-	NH3; Cl-	S2O 32−
>_glZlghklv	1	1	1, 1	2
Dhhj^bgZpbhggh_	6	2	4	4
qbkeh

Ijb dhhj^bgZpbb baf_gyxlky k\hckl\Z dZd eb]Zg^h\ lZd b bhgZ f_lZeeZ-dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ey QZklh dhhj^bgbjh\Zggu_ eb]Zg^u b bhg f_lZeeZ g_\hafh`gh h[gZjm`blv \ jZkl\hj_ dhfie_dkgh]h kh_^b g_gby ijb ihfhsb obfbq_kdbo j_Zdpbc oZjZdl_jguo ^ey gbo \ k\h [h^ghf g_dhhj^bgbjh\Zgghf khklhygbb l d hgb gZoh^ylky \ k\y aZgghf khklhygbb \ khklZ\_ dhfie_dkghc qZklbpu

Ghf_gdeZlmjZ dhhj^bgZpbhgguo kh_^bg_gbc

Ihjy^hd gZa\Zgby dhfie_dkguo kh_^bg_gbc ZgZeh]bq_g gZa\Z gbyf h[uqguo khe_c l _ kgZqZeZ mdZau\Z_lky Zgbhg \ bf_gbl_evghf iZ^_`_ Z aZl_f dZlbhg \ jh^bl_evghf ih^_`_ Nhjfmeu dhfie_dkh\ qblZxlky kljh]h kijZ\Z gZe_\h kh[ex^Zy mdZaZgguc \ gbo ihjy^hd jZkiheh`_gby eb]Zg^h\

?keb kh_^bg_gb_ g_we_dljheblgh]h lbiZ \gmljbdhfie_dkgh_ kh_^bg_gb_ lh _]h gZau\Zxl \ h^gh keh\h DZlbhggu_ beb g_cljZev gu_ DK g_ ihemqZxl \ gZa\Zgbyo ki_pbZevguo hdhgqZgbc \ gZa\Zgb yo Zgbhgguo dhfie_dkh\ dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ev gZau\Zxl eZlbgkdbf l_jfbghf k ^h[Z\e_gb_f kmnnbdkZ(-Zl b mdZaZgb_f jbfkdbfb qbk

109

eZfb kl_i_gb hdbke_gby p_gljZevgh]h ZlhfZ _keb hg fh`_l bf_lv i_j_f_ggu_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby

GZa\Zgby g_cljZevguo eb]Zg^h\ g_ baf_gyxlky Z gZa\Zgby Zgb hgguo eb]Zg^h\ hdZgqb\Zxlky gZ – h >ey h[hagZq_gby qbkeZ h^bgZdh \uo eb]Zg^h\ \h \gmlj_gg_c kn_j_ dhfie_dkZ \ dZq_kl\_ ijbklZ\db i_j_^ gZa\Zgb_f eb]Zg^h\ bkihevamxl ]j_q_kdb_ qbkebl_evgu_ ^b-; ljb- l_ljZ i_glZ ]_dkZ- b l ^ IjbklZ\dm fhgh g_ mihlj_[eyxl

GZa\Zgb_ \gmlj_gg_c kn_ju aZibku\Zxl \ h^gh keh\h <h^Z b ZffbZd y\eyxlky g_cljZevgufb eb]Zg^Zfb b gZau\Zxlky

khhl\_lkl\_ggh Zd\Z- b Zffbg

DZd ihdZaZgh \ gZa\Zgbyo _keb eb]Zg^ k\yaZg k p_gljZevguf Zlhfhf g_kdhevdbfb kihkh[Zfb wlh jZaebqb_ hlf_qZ_lky k ihfhsvx kbf\heh\ Zlhfh\ q_j_a dhlhju_ h[jZam_lky dhhj^bgZpbhggZy k\yav dhfie_dkhh[jZah\Zl_ey k eb]Zg^hf

GZa\Zgby g_cljZevguo eb]Zg^h\ djhf_+2O, NH3, NO, NO2, CO b &6 aZdexqZxlky \ djm]eu_ kdh[db b i_j_^ kdh[dhc ijb\h^yl qb keh\u_ ijbklZ\db

Ijbf_j Ijb\_klb ijbf_ju dhhj^bgZpbhgguo kh_^bg_gbc jZaebqguo lbih\ b gZa\Zlv bo

J_r_gb_ DZlbhggu_ dhfie_dku

[Co(NH3)6]3+Cl3 – oehjb^ ]_dkZZffbgdh[ZevlZ (III); [Co(NH3)5H2O]3+Cl3 – oehjb^ Zd\Zi_glZZffbgdh[ZevlZ III).

:gbhggu_ dhfie_dku

(NH4)2[PdCl4]2– – l_ljZoehjhiZeeZ^Zl,,Zffhgby K[PtNH3Br5]– – i_glZ[jhfoZffbgieZlbgZl IV dZeby K4[Fe(CN)6] – ]_dkZpbZghn_jjZl II dZeby

G_cljZevgu_ dhfie_dku

[Fe(H2O)3(ClO4)(SCN)2] – ^blbhpbZghi_joehjZlhljbZd\Z`_e_ah III); [Co(N2H4)2(NO2)2] – ^bgbljblh^b]b^jZabgdh[Zevl,, [Hg(H2O)2(NCS)2] – ^bbahlbhpbZgh^bZd\Zjlmlv,,

Dhhj^bgZpbhggu_ kh_^bg_gby \ \h^guo jZkl\hjZo

Ijb jZkl\hj_gbb djbklZeebq_kdh]h dhhj^bgZpbhggh]h kh_^bg_ gby \ \h^_ _]h djbklZeebq_kdZy j_r_ldZ jZajmrZ_lky Z dhhj^bgZpb hggZy kn_jZ b \g_rg_kn_jgu_ bhgu ]b^jZlbjmxlky ^bihevgufb fh e_dmeZfb \h^u Wlhl ijhp_kk ijhl_dZ_l ih f_oZgbafm ^bkkhpbZpbb kbevguo we_dljheblh\ GZijbf_j

K4[Fe(CN)6] : K+ [Fe(CN)6]4–

110