OpenBook

`+2SO4 dhgp jZa[ + C, P, I2 → a) Na2S2O3+ Cl2 →

b) Na2S2O3 + I2 →

d) H2S + K2Cr2O7 + HCl →

e) SO2 + KMnO4 + H2O →

f) Na2SO3 + K2S + H2SO4 → g) H2SeO4 + Au →

h) SO2 + NO2 →

i) As2S3 + HNO3 + H2O → j) Se + NaOH →

k) Al2Te3 + H2O → l) H2S + HNO3 → m) SO2 + SeO2 → n) H2Se + S →

o) Na2SeO3 + HI →

p) Na2S2O4 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 → q) K2S2O8 + FeSO4 →

20.Fh`gh eb ihemqblv +2O2 g_ihkj_^kl\_gguf \aZbfh^_ckl\b_f \h^hjh^Z b dbkehjh^Z"Hl\_l h[hkgh\Zlv

21.MdZaZlv kihkh[u ihemq_gby i_jhdkb^Z \h^hjh^Z ijb\_klb mjZ\ g_gby j_Zdpbc

22.HibkZlv kljh_gb_ fhe_dmeu+2O2 Ihq_fm wlZ fhe_dmeZ iheyjgZ"

23.GZibkZlv mjZ\g_gb_ j_Zdpbb jZaeh`_gby i_jhdkb^Z \h^hjh^Z D dZdhfm lbim hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguo j_Zdpbc hgZ hlgh kblky"

24.Ijb\_klb ijbf_ju hdbkebl_evgh]h b \hkklZgh\bl_evgh]h ^_ckl \by G2H2 GZ q_f hkgh\Zgh ijbf_g_gb_ G2H2 \ f_^bpbg_

25.GZibkZlv \ bhggh-fhe_dmeyjghc nhjf_ mjZ\g_gb_ j_Zdpbb ]b^ jhebaZ 1D2O2 KhojZgbl eb jZkl\hj i_jhdkb^Z gZljby k\hb [_ey sb_ k\hckl\Z \ dbiys_f jZkl\hj_"

26.GZibkZlv mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc \aZbfh^_ckl\by i_jhdkb^Z \h^hjh^Z k i_jfZg]ZgZlhf dZeby \ dbkehc kj_^_ bh^b^hf dZeby \ dbkehc kj_^_ ojhfblhf dZeby \ s_ehqghc kj_^_

27.Ijb\_klb ijbf_ju b gZibkZlv kljmdlmjgu_ nhjfmeu i_jhdkhdbk ehl

28.DZdhc ba hkmrbl_e_c – dhgp_gljbjh\Zggmx k_jgmx dbkehlm l\_j^mx s_ehqv beb [_a\h^guc oehjb^ dZevpby – fh`gh bkihev ah\Zlv ^ey hkmr_gby k_jh\h^hjh^Z"

121

29.DZdb_ kheb k_jghc dbkehlu b ihq_fm ijbf_gyxl \ f_^bpbgkdhc ijZdlbd_"

30.AZdhgqblv mjZ\g_gby ke_^mxsbo j_Zdpbc

Z+2O2 + NaI →

[) Na2O2 + NaBr + H2SO4 → \+2O2 + KMnO4 →

]) H2O2 + K2Cr2O7 + HCl → ^) H2O2 + As2S3 + NaOH →

_) Na2SH3 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 → `) TeO2 + KOH →

a) PoO2 + HNO3 →

b) TeO2 + H2O2 + H2O →

d) O3 + CrCl3 + KOH → e) O3 + PbS →

f) H2O2 + I2 →

31.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blv ij_\jZs_gby

Z) S → H2S → Na2S → Na2Sn → SO2 → S;

[) SO2 → NaHSO3 → Na2SO3 → Na2SO4 → NaHSO4 → Na2S2O7; \) KMnO4 → O2 → Na2O2 → H2O2 → I2;

]) NaHSO3 → Na2S2O5 → NaHSO3 → Na2SO3 → Na2S2O3 → Na2S4O6.

J-WE?F?GLU9=JMIIU

1.JZkkfhljbl_ hkh[_gghklb kljh_gby ZlhfZ ZahlZ b _]h \Ze_glguo khklhygbc \ kjZ\g_gbb k lZdh\ufb ^ey nhknhjZ b hklZevguo we_ f_glh\ ih^]jmiiu

2.DZd baf_gyxlky jZ^bmk ZlhfZ b wg_j]by _]h bhgbaZpbb \ jy^m Zahl – \bkfml" DZdh\Z bo \aZbfhk\yav k nbabq_kdbfb b obfbq_ kdbfb k\hckl\Zfb kh_^bg_gbc wlbo we_f_glh\"

3.DZd baf_gy_lky mklhcqb\hklv kh_^bg_gbc \ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby

\ jy^m nhknhj – \bkfml"

4.KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ihemq_gby ZahlZ b nhknhjZ ba bo kh_^bg_gbc

5.DZdh\u mkeh\by kbgl_aZ ZffbZdZ ba ijhkluo \_s_kl\"Hl\_l fh lb\bjmcl_

6.DZd baf_gyxlky wg_j]by b iheyjghklv k\yab W-G \ jy^m ZffbZd – \bkfmlbg b dZdh\h bo \ebygb_ gZ nbabq_kdb_ b obfbq_kdb_ k\hc kl\Z wlbo kh_^bg_gbc"

122

7.DZdh\u hkh[_gghklb ijhl_dZgby j_Zdpbb hdbke_gby ZffbZdZ db kehjh^hf \ha^moZ"

8.DZdb_ \_s_kl\Z h[jZamxlky ijb ijhimkdZgbb q_j_a jZkl\hj Zf fbZdZ ]Zah\&22, NO, NO2, SO2, SO3?

9.Ijb\_^bl_ oZjZdl_jgu_ ^ey ZffbZdZ j_Zdpbb ijbkh_^bg_gby aZf_s_gby

10.DZdb_ \_s_kl\Z fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv ^ey hkmrdb ]Zahh[jZagh]h ZffbZdZ nhknhjguc Zg]b^jb^ dhgp_gljbjh\Zggmx k_jgmx db kehlm dZmklbq_kdmx kh^m l\_j^uc DHG"Hl\_l fhlb\bjmcl_

11.KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc l_jfbq_kdh]h jZaeh`_gby gbljZlZ gbljblZ nhknZlZ oehjb^Z b ^bojhfZlZ Zffhgby DZd ^hdZaZlv qlh i_j_qbke_ggu_ kheb y\eyxlky kheyfb Zffhgby"

12.Bah[jZabl_ kljmdlmjm hdkb^h\ ZahlZ b gZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zd pbc bo \aZbfh^_ckl\by k \h^hc b jZkl\hjhf s_ehqb

13.Hlghkylky eb j_Zdpbb \aZbfh^_ckl\by ^bhdkb^Z ZahlZ k \h^hc b k jZkl\hjhf s_ehqb d hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evguf" Hl\_l ih^l\_j^bl_ mjZ\g_gbyfb j_Zdpbc

14.KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc \ dhlhjuo ZahlbklZy dbkehlZ y\ey _lky Z \hkklZgh\bl_e_f [ hdbkebl_e_f

15.Bah[jZabl_ kljmdlmjm Zahlghc dbkehlu KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gb_ j_ Zdpbb __ jZaeh`_gby

16.<u^_ey_lky eb \h^hjh^ ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb jZa[Z\e_gghc Zahl ghc dbkehlu k Zdlb\gufb f_lZeeZfb"

17.DZdh\h ^_ckl\b_ dhgp_gljbjh\Zgghc Zahlghc dbkehlu gZ f_lZe eu" >h dZdhc kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ijb wlhf \hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lky Zahl"Qlh lZdh_ iZkkb\Zpby f_lZeeZ"

18.KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc l_jfbq_kdh]h jZaeh`_gby gbljZlh\ dZeby f_^b,,k\bgpZ b k_j_[jZ

19.Q_f h[mkeh\e_gZ jZaebqgZy obfbq_kdZy Zdlb\ghklv [_eh]h b djZkgh]h nhknhjZ"Bah[jZabl_ bo kljmdlmjm

20.KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ]hj_gby nhknbgZ b ZffbZdZ

21.KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc \aZbfh^_ckl\by k \h^hc nhknb^h\ dZevpby Zexfbgby b pbgdZ bkihevam_fuo \ dZq_kl\_ y^hobfbdZ lh\ Y\eyxlky eb ^Zggu_ j_Zdpbb hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_ev- gufb"

22.KhklZ\vl_ ]jZnbq_kdb_ nhjfmeu hdkb^h\ b dbkehl nhknhjZ Hi j_^_ebl_ \Ze_glghklv dhhj^bgZpbhggh_ qbkeh b kl_i_gv hdbke_ gby nhknhjZ \ wlbo fhe_dmeZo Z lZd`_ hkgh\ghklv nhknhjguo dbkehl

123

23.KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ihemq_gby nhknhjghc dbkehlu^\mfy kihkh[Zfb \ ijhfure_gghklb Z lZd`_ nhknhjguo m^h[ j_gbc ijhklh]h b ^\hcgh]h kmi_jnhknZlZ ij_pbiblZlZ b Zffh nhkZ

24.GZibrbl_ \ bhgghc b bhggh-fhe_dmeyjghc nhjf_ mjZ\g_gby j_ Zdpbb ]b^jhebaZ nhknZlZ gZljby DZdh\Z j_Zdpby kj_^u \h^guo jZkl\hjh\ nhknZlZ b ^b]b^jhnhknZlZ gZljby"

25.DZdb_ ihebf_jgu_ kh_^bg_gby nhknhjZ b]jZxl \Z`gmx jhev \ `bag_^_yl_evghklb `b\uo hj]Zgbafh\"

26.KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\g_gby ]b^jhebaZ oehjb^h\ nhknhjZ Qlh lZdh_ ]Z eh]_gZg]b^jb^"

27.DZd baf_gyxlky dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z ]b^jhdkb^h\ j-we_f_glh\9]jmiiu"

28.< khklZ\ dZdbo [bhfhe_dme hj]ZgbafZ \oh^yl nhknhj b Zahl"

29.<k_ hdkb^u ZahlZ iheghklvx j_Z]bjmxl k jZkdZe_gghc f_^vx h[

jZamy CuO b N2 DZdh\Z nhjfmeZ hdkb^Z ZahlZ _keb fZkkZ ihem q_ggh]h CuO khklZ\beZ ] b Zahl \u^_ebeky h[t_fhf

200 kf3 g m"

30.AZdhgqbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc b jZkklZ\vl_ dhwnnbpb_glu

Z/L 12 →

[) Mg3N2 + H2O →

\+122 + H2O2 →

]) HNO2 + H2S →

^) KNO2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 → _) KNO2 + KI + H2SO4 →

`) NO2 + H2O →

a) N2O4 + Ca(OH)2 → b12H4 + O2 → d1+4Cl + CuO →

e+123 dhgp + Cu (Ag, Zn, Fe, Al, Mg) → f+123 jZa[ + Cu (Ag, Zn, Fe, Al, Mg) → g) Sb2O5 + KOH + H2O →

h) H3PO3 + AgNO3 + H2O → i) H3PO4 + CaCl2 →

j) As2S5 + HNO3(dhgp.) →

k) PH3 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 → l) HNO3 + Cu2S →

m) NaBiO3 + NaI + H2SO4 → n) Sb + HNO3(dhgp.) →

124

31.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blv ij_\jZs_gby

Z) NH3 → N2 → NO → NO2 → KNO3 → O2;

[) Ca3(PO4)2 → P4 → H3PO4 → (ZnOH)3PO4 → Zn(H2PO4)2 → Zn3(PO4)2;

\) P4 → Ca3P2 → PH3 → P4O10 → Ca3(PO4)2 → Ca(H2PO4)2; ]) HNO3 → NH3 → (NH4)2Cr2O7 → N2 → Na3N → NH4NO3.

J-WE?F?GLU,9=JMIIU

1.JZkkfhljbl_ kljh_gb_ Zlhfh\ b \hafh`gu_ \Ze_glgu_ khklhygby j-we_f_glh\,9]jmiiu DZdb_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ijhy\eyxl mdZ aZggu_ we_f_glu \ kh_^bg_gbyo"

2.HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ baf_g_gb_ Zlhfguo jZ^bmkh\ wg_j]bb bhgbaZ pbb kjh^kl\Z d we_dljhgm b we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklb \ jy^m K –

Pb.

3.DZd b ihq_fm baf_gy_lky mklhcqb\hklv kh_^bg_gbc mdZaZgguo we_f_glh\ \ bo \ukr_c kl_i_gb hdbke_gby \ jy^m C – Pb?

4.DZdb_ ijhklu_ \_s_kl\Z h[jZamxl j-we_f_glu,9]jmiiu"DZdb_ lbiu djbklZeebq_kdbo j_r_lhd oZjZdl_jgu ^ey gbo"JZkkfhljbl_ kljh_gb_ ZefZaZ ]jZnblZ dZj[bgZ ihebdmfme_gZ nmee_j_gh\\b^u k\ya_c lbiu ]b[jb^baZpbb Zlhfguo hj[blZe_c ijhkljZg kl\_ggh_ jZkiheh`_gb_ Zlhfh\ Ihq_fm g_ kms_kl\m_l ]jZnblh ih^h[gZy fh^bnbdZpby dj_fgby"

5.DZd b ihq_fm baf_gy_lky wg_j]by k\yab W – W \ jy^m m]e_jh^ – ]_jfZgbc"Q_f h[tykgy_lky kihkh[ghklv Zlhfh\ m]e_jh^Z kh_^b gylvky \ ^ebggu_ p_ib"

6.DZd baf_gyxlky hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z ijh kluo \_s_kl\ ijb i_j_oh^_ hl m]e_jh^Z d k\bgpm" HoZjZdl_jb amcl_ bo hlghr_gb_ d \h^_ dbkehlZf s_ehqZf kheyf GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zdpbc

7.JZkkfhljbl_ kljh_gb_ fhe_dme mklhcqb\hklv hdbkebl_evgh-\hk- klZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z \h^hjh^guo kh_^bg_gbc DZd baf_gy_l ky l_fi_jZlmjZ dbi_gby \ jy^m&+4 – SnH4 kjZ\gblv k ZgZeh]bq gufb aZ\bkbfhklyfb ^ey ]b^jb^h\ j-we_f_glh\ 9–9,, ]jmii" <hafh`gh eb kms_kl\h\Zgb_ g_ij_^_evguo kbeZgh\ ijb klZg ^Zjlguo mkeh\byo"

8.IjhZgZebabjmcl_ kljh_gb_ fhe_dmeu KH Q_f fh`gh h[tykgblv \ukhdmx wg_j]bx k\yab \ g_c"DZd wg_j]by k\yab kdZau\Z_lky gZ mklhcqb\hklb b obfbq_kdhc Zdlb\ghklb hdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z,, "

125

9.Ihq_fm wg_j]by k\yab Si – O [hevr_ wg_j]bb k\yab K – H"

10.Ihq_fm hdkb^ dj_fgby ,9 \ hlebqb_ hl KH2, – l\_j^h_ \_- s_kl\h"

11.HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ aZ\bkbfhklv dbkehlgh-hkgh\guo k\hckl\ hdkb ^h\ b ]b^jhdkb^h\ mdZaZgguo we_f_glh\ hl kl_i_gb bo hdbke_gby DZd baf_gyxlky dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z h^ghlbiguo hdkb ^h\ b ]b^jhdkb^h\ \ jy^m m]e_jh^ – k\bg_p"Ijb\_^bl_ khhl\_l kl\mxsb_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc

12.H[tykgbl_ jZaebqby \ kljh_gbb b \ obfbq_kdbo k\hckl\Zo ]Zeh]_ gb^h\ j-we_f_glh\,9]jmiiu D dZdbf deZkkZf kh_^bg_gbc hlgh kylky6L&O4, GeCl4, SnCl4; SnCl2,PbCl2"GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zd pbc ]b^jhebaZ SiCl4 b SiF4.

13.DZdh\Z kl_i_gv hdbke_gby k\bgpZ \ hdkb^Zo 3E2 3E22, Pb3O4? DZd wlb kh_^bg_gby \aZbfh^_ckl\mxl k jZa[Z\e_ggufb b dhgp_g ljbjh\Zggufb jZkl\hjZfb+&O +2SO4?

14.DZdb_ ba kh_^bg_gbc j-we_f_glh\ ,9 ]jmiiu bkihevamxlky \ eZ[hjZlhjghc ijZdlbd_ \ dZq_kl\_ lbibqguo hdbkebl_e_c" < dZq_kl\_ \hkklZgh\bl_e_c" Ijb\_^bl_ ijbf_ju j_Zdpbc c bo mqZklb_f

15.DZd ihemqZxl KH2 \ eZ[hjZlhjbb"DZdb_ ba ijb\_^_gguo \_s_kl\ fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv ^ey hkmrdb m]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZ dhgp_gljbjh \Zggmx k_jgmx dbkehlm l\_j^uc _^dbc gZlj nhknhjguc Zg]b^ jb^"

16.DZdb_ ba mdZaZgguo khe_c ]b^jhebamxlky kbevg__ Sn(NO3)2 beb

Pb(NO3)2; Na2CO3 beb Na2SiO3"Ihq_fm"

17.Ihq_fm \ \h^guo jZkl\hjZo g_\hafh`gh kbgl_abjh\Zlv dZj[hgZ lu `_e_aZ,,,ojhfZ,,,Zexfbgby"DZdb_ \_s_kl\Z fh]ml ih emqblvky ijb kf_rb\Zgbb jZkl\hjh\3E 123)2 b1D2CO3?

18.<hafh`gh eb \ mkeh\byo [ebadbo d a_fguf \hagbdgh\_gb_ `ba gb g_ gZ hkgh\_ kh_^bg_gbc m]e_jh^Z Z gZ hkgh\_ kh_^bg_gbc dj_fgby"

19.Qlh ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc Zdlb\bjh\Zgguc m]hev"=^_ hg bkihevam _lky"Q_f h[tykgy_lky _]h \ukhdZy khj[bjmxsZy kihkh[ghklv"

20.Kf_kv dj_fgby k hdkb^hf dj_fgby IV h[jZ[hlZeb ba[uldhf jZk l\hjZ ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h \u^_ebeky ]Za h[t_ fhf e g m Ba h[jZah\Z\r_]hky jZkl\hjZ [ue \u^_e_g f_lZ kbebdZl gZljby fZkkhc ] <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fZkkh\hc ^heb dj_fgby \ bkoh^ghc kf_kb

21.Kf_kv m]e_jh^Z kh k\bgphf h[jZ[hlZeb ijb gZ]j_\Zgbb ba[uldhf dhgp_gljbjh\Zggh]h jZkl\hjZ Zahlghc dbkehlu \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h

126

\u^_ebeZkv kf_kv ]Zah\ h[t_fhf e g m Ijb ijhimkdZgbb wlhc kf_kb q_j_a ba[ulhd ba\_kldh\hc \h^u h[jZah\Zeky hkZ^hd fZkkhc ] <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fZkkh\hc ^heb m]e_jh^Z \ bk oh^ghc kf_kb

22.AZdhgqbl_ mjZ\g_gby ke_^mxsbo j_Zdpbc Z) NaOH + H2O + Si (C,Sn,Pb) →

[) NaOH + H2O2 + Ge →

\) H2SO4 (dhgp) + Sn (C,Si,Pb) →

]+12 dhgp + Sn (C,Si,Pb) →

^) MgSi + H2SO4(jZa[Z\e.) →

_) MnSO4 + PbO2 + H2SO4 →

`) Sn + KOH + H2O →

a) SiO2 + HF →

b) SnCl2 + NaBiO3 + HCl → H2[SnCl6] + ...

d) GeCl2 + O2 + NaOH + H2O →

e) Pb + KOH + H2O →

f) PbS + H2O2 → .

23.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blv ij_\jZs_gby

Z) CO2 → COCl2 → CO2 → C → Al4C3 → CH4;

[) Si → Na2SiO3 → H4SiO4 → SiO2 → SiCl4 → K2SiO3; \) CO2 → NH4HCO3 → BaCO3 → CO2 → CO → COBr2;

]) Pb :3E 2+2 :3E22 :3E3O4 :3E&O2 :+2[PbCl6].

P-WE?F?GLU,,,=JMIIU

1.HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ kljh_gb_ Zlhfh\ j-we_f_glh\ III ]jmiiu DZdh\u we_dljhggu_ dhgnb]mjZpbb bo \g_rgbo wg_j]_lbq_kdbo mjh\g_c \ hkgh\ghf b \ha[m`^_gghf khklhygbyo" DZdb_ hj[blZeb \ Zlh fZo mdZaZgguo we_f_glh\ y\eyxlky \Ze_glgufb" Ihq_fm wlb we_f_glu hlghkylky d k_f_ckl\m j-we_f_glh\"

2.IjhZgZebabjmcl_ oZjZdl_j baf_g_gby Zlhfguo jZ^bmkh\ wg_j]bc bhgbaZpbb kjh^kl\Z d we_dljhgm b we_dljhhljbpZl_evghklb Zlh fh\ \ jy^m < – Al Q_f h[mkeh\e_gZ g_fhghlhgghklv baf_g_gby wlbo Zlhfguo oZjZdl_jbklbd \ hlebqb_ hl ^jm]bo ]jmii j-we_- f_glh\"

3.DZdb_ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ijhy\eyxl mdZaZggu_ we_f_glu \ kh _^bg_gbyo" DZd b ihq_fm baf_gy_lky mklhcqb\hklv h^ghlbiguo kh_^bg_gbc wlbo we_f_glh\ \ \ukrbo kl_i_gyo hdbke_gby ijb i_j_oh^_ hl [hjZ d lZeebx"

127

4.DZd fh`gh h[tykgblv j_adh_ hlebqb_ nbabq_kdbo b obfbq_kdbo k\hckl\ ijhkluo \_s_kl\ [hjZ b Zexfbgby"KjZ\gbl_ bo hlghr_ gb_ d \h^_ jZkl\hjZf dbkehl s_ehq_c b khe_c KhklZ\vl_ mjZ\ g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zdpbc

5.Q_f fh`gh h[tykgblv qlh Zexfbgbc \ h[uqguo mkeh\byo kh\_j r_ggh g_ \aZbfh^_ckl\m_l k qbklhc \h^hc ohly _]h we_dljh^guc ihl_gpbZe agZqbl_evgh f_gvr_ gh [mjgh \ul_kgy_l \h^hjh^ ba \h^guo jZkl\hjh\ s_ehq_c"

6.DZd b ihq_fm baf_gyxlky \hkklZgh\bl_evgu_ k\hckl\Z f_lZeeh\ \ jy^m Al – Tl? CjZ\gbl_ oZjZdl_j bo \aZbfh^_ckl\by k \h^hc jZk l\hjZfb dbkehl s_ehq_c b khe_c Q_f fh`gh h[tykgblv kihkh[ ghklv lZeeby j_Z]bjh\Zlv k \h^hc ijb dhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmj_"

7.Q_f ih obfbq_kdbf k\hckl\Zf hlebqZxlky hdkb^ [hjZ hl hdkb^Z Zexfbgby ]b^jhdkb^ [hjZ hl ]b^jhdkb^Z Zexfbgby"M kh_^bg_ gbc dZdh]h we_f_glZ kbevg__ \ujZ`_gu dbkehlgu_ k\hckl\Z"GZ ibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zdpbc

8.DZd fh`gh h[tykgblv qlh ijb dhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmj_ Zexfbgbc ijZdlbq_kdb g_ j_Z]bjm_l \ jZkl\hj_ k CuSO4 gh [mjgh \aZbfh ^_ckl\m_l k CuCl2?

9.HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ dbkehlgh-hkgh\gu_ k\hckl\Z hdkb^h\ b ]b^jh dkb^h\ Al, Ga, In b Tl KjZ\gbl_ bo hlghr_gb_ d jZkl\hjZf dbkehl b s_ehq_c IjbkmsZ eb Zfnhl_jghklv kh_^bg_gbyf lZeeby"

10.DZdb_ ijhp_kku ijhl_dZxl ijb ihkl_i_gghf ^h[Z\e_gbb ba[uldZ jZkl\hjZ _^dh]h gZljZ d jZkl\hjm gbljZlZ Zexfbgby" GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zdpbc gZah\bl_ ijh^mdlu < \b^_ dZdbo qZklbp Zexfbgbc kh^_j`blky \ s_ehqguo g_cljZevguo b dbkeuo jZkl\hjZo"

11.DZd b ihq_fm baf_gy_lky kl_i_gv ]b^jhebaZ khe_c \ jy^m

Al(NO3)3 – Ga(NO3)3 – In(NO3)3 – Tl(NO3)3 \ jZkl\hjZo k bo h^bgZ dh\hc dhgp_gljZpb_c" DZdZy ba khe_c TlNO3 beb Tl(NO3)3 ]b^ jhebam_lky kbevg__"Ihq_fm"

12.CmevnZl Zexfbgby rbjhdh bkihevam_lky ^ey hqbkldb \h^u gZ \h ^hhqbklbl_evguo klZgpbyo GZ q_f hkgh\Zgh _]h ijbf_g_gb_ \ ^Zgghf ijhp_kk_" GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zd pbc \ bhgghc b bhggh-fhe_dmeyjguo nhjfZo

13.F_^bpbgkdbc ij_iZjZl©:efZ]_evªij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc klZ[beb abjh\Zggmx kmki_gabx ]b^jhdkb^h\ Zexfbgby b fZ]gby GZ q_f hkgh\Zgh _]h ijbf_g_gb_ ijb ba`h]_"Fh`gh eb ijbgbfZlv ^Zg guc ij_iZjZl ijb ]bihZpb^ha_ ihgb`_gghc dbkehlghklb `_em ^hqgh]h khdZ"

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14.DZdh\ obfbq_kdbc khklZ\ ZexfhdZeb_\uo d\Zkph\"GZ q_f hkgh \Zgh bkihevah\Zgb_ wlh]h \_s_kl\Z \ f_^bpbg_ \ dZq_kl\_ djh \_hklZgZ\eb\Zxs_]h kj_^kl\Z"

15.DZdb_ ijhp_kku ijhl_dZxl ijb himkdZgbb Zexfbgby \aylh]h \ ba[uld_ \ \h^guc jZkl\hj oehjb^Z Zexfbgby" GZibrbl_ mjZ\ g_gby j_Zdpbc gZah\bl_ ijh^mdlu

16.Fh`gh eb ihemqblv kmevnb^ Zexfbgby kf_rb\Zgb_f \h^guo jZkl\hjh\ kmevnZlZ Zexfbgby b kmevnb^Z dZeby"Ihq_fm"DZdb_ kheb Zexfbgby ijbgpbibZevgh g_\hafh`gh kbgl_abjh\Zlv \ \h^ guo jZkl\hjZo"GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zdpbc

17.< q_f ijbgpbibZevgh_ hlebqb_ \h^hjh^guo kh_^bg_gbc [hjZ hl ]b^jb^h\ ^jm]bo j-we_f_glh\ III ]jmiiu"DZdh\u khklZ\ b kljh_ gb_ ijhkl_cr_]h ]b^jb^Z [hjZ" < q_f hkh[_gghklv obfbq_kdbo k\ya_c \ g_f"DZd fh`gh h[tykgblv g_\hafh`ghklv kms_kl\h\Z gby fhe_dmeu BH3?

18.AZ kq_l q_]h fhe_dmeu BF3 ijbkh_^bgyxl d k_[_ ^jm]b_ fhe_dmeu beb bhgu gZijbf_j H2O, NH3, F-"<hafh`gh eb ijbkh_^bg_gb_ fhe_dmeu CH4"Ihq_fm"DZd \ j_amevlZl_ ijbkh_^bg_gby baf_gy _lky lbi ]b[jb^baZpbb hj[blZe_c [hjZ b _]h ]_hf_ljbq_kdh_ hd jm`_gb_"

19.< \h^ghf jZkl\hj_ [hjghc dbkehlu ijbkmlkl\mxl Zgbhgu [B(OH)4]- Mqblu\Zy wlh gZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gb_ we_dljheblbq_kdhc ^bkkhpbZpbb [hjghc dbkehlu \ jZkl\hj_ Q_fm jZ\gZ __ hkgh\ ghklv"

20.Qlh h[jZam_lky ijb \aZbfh^_ckl\bb [hjghc dbkehlu k jZkl\hjhf ]b^jhdkb^Z gZljby" Qlh lZdh_ ©[mjZª" DZdh\ __ obfbq_kdbc kh klZ\" GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ]b^jhebaZ l_ljZ[hjZlZ gZ ljby \aZbfh^_ckl\by _]h k k_jghc dbkehlhc \ jZkl\hj_

21.DZdb_ \_s_kl\Z h[jZamxlky ijb ]b^jheba_ nlhjb^Z b oehjb^Z [h jZ"GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_Zdpbc

22.HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ [bheh]bq_kdmx jhev [hjZ \ ijhp_kkZo `bag_ ^_yl_evghklb jZkl_gbc `b\hlguo b q_eh\_dZ DZdb_ kh_^bg_gby [hjZ bkihevamxlky \ f_^bpbg_ \ k_evkdhf ohayckl\_ \ [ulm"

23.Kh_^bg_gby dZdh]h ba jZkkfZljb\Z_fuo we_f_glh\ gZb[he__ lhd kbqgu"=^_ hgb gZoh^yl ijbf_g_gb_"DZdb_ f_ju ij_^hklhjh` ghklb g_h[oh^bfh kh[ex^Zlv ijb jZ[hl_ k gbfb"

24.Kf_kv Zexfbgby k kmevnb^hf Zexfbgby jZa^_ebeb gZ jZ\gu_ qZklb Ijb \g_k_gbb h^ghc ba gbo \ \h^m \u^_ebeky ]Za h[t_fhf

e g m Ijb \g_k_gbb ^jm]hc qZklb kf_kb \ jZkl\hj oehjh

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\h^hjh^Z \ayluc \ ba[uld_ \u^_ebeZkv kf_kv ]Zah\ h[t_fhf

e g m JZkkqblZlv fZkkm bkoh^ghc kf_kb b fZkkh\u_ ^heb \_s_kl\ \ g_c

25.>ey ih^dhjfdb dhfgZlguo jZkl_gbc bkihevam_lky jZkl\hj \ fe dhlhjh]h kh^_j`blky [hj fZkkhcÂ-4 ] JZkkqblZcl_ fZkkm [mju g_h[oh^bfhc ^ey ijb]hlh\e_gby lZdh]h jZkl\hjZ h[t_fhf e

26.AZdhgqbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc jZkklZ\vl_ dhwnnbpb_glu

Z B + HNO dhgp :

[) B2H6 + NaH :

\ Na[BH4] + H2O :

] H3BO3 + NaOH jZkl\hj :

^) Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + H2O :

_) Al + KOH + H2O :

`) Al+ NaOH(jZkieZ\) :

a) Al + HNO3(hq. jZa[Z\e.) :

b) Al + NaNO3 + NaOH + H2O :

d) Al2O3 + K2CO3 t →

e) Al2O3 + KOH + H2O :

f) Na3[Al(OH)6] + CO2 :

g) Na[Al(OH)4(H2O)2] t →

h) K3AlO3 + H2O :

i) AlN + HCl(ba[ulhd) :

j) Al(OH)3 + NaF(ba[ulhd) :

k) Al2(SO4)3 + Na2CO3 + H2O :

l) Al(NO3)3 t →

m) Al(OH)3 + Al2(SO4)3 :

n) Al2S3 + KOH(ba[ulhd) + H2O :

o Al4C3 + H2O :

27.GZibrbl_ mjZ\g_gby j_Zdpbc ijb ihfhsb dhlhjuo fh`gh hkm s_kl\blv ke_^mxsb_ ij_\jZs_gby

Z) Al :1D3AlO3 :$O2O3 :>$O 2+2]2SO4 : $O&O3;

[) Na3[Al(OH)6] : $O2(SO4)3 : $O2O3 : $O 2+3 : $O2O3;

\) Al(NO3)3 : $O&O3 :1D3[Al(OH)6] : $O 2+3 : $O2S3;

]) Al : $O1: $O 123)3 : $O:.$O22 : $O2O3.

S-WE?F?GLU,B,,=JMII

1.K mq_lhf we_dljhgghc kljmdlmju Zlhfh\ hoZjZdl_jbamcl_ \ha fh`gu_ \Ze_glgu_ khklhygby s-we_f_glh\,b,,]jmii < q_f kh klhbl hkh[_gghklv \Ze_glguo khklhygbc s-we_f_glh\ ih kjZ\g_ gbx k j-we_f_glZfb"

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