OpenBook

Fheyjguc h[t_f wd\b\Ze_glZ ]ZaZ O k\yaZg k fheyjguf h[t_fhf ]ZaZ O khhlghr_gb_f

	1				Vm (X )
Vm			(X )	=				.
						z
z

< lh `_ \j_fy fheyjguc h[t_f wd\b\Ze_glZ ]ZaZ O qbke_ggh jZ \_g hlghr_gbx h[t_fZ ]ZaZ O d khhl\_lkl\mxs_fm obfbq_kdhfm dh ebq_kl\m \_s_kl\Z

	1				V (X )				.
V			(X )	=
						1
z
					n			(X )
					z

Ijbf_j Hij_^_eblv qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb nZdlhj wd\b\Z e_glghklb wd\b\Ze_gl b fheyjgmx fZkkm wd\b\Ze_glZ nhknhjghc db kehlu \ j_Zdpbb

Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4 :&D+324 + 2H2O.

J_r_gb_

GZoh^bf qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb z* < ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb hl h^ghc fhe_dmeu G3PO4 hls_ieyxlky bhgZ G+ beb ^jm]bfb keh\Zfb h^ghc fhe_dme_ dbkehlu wd\b\Ze_glgu obfbq_kdb khhl\_lkl\mxl bhgZ G+ Ihwlhfm qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb z* \ ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb jZ\gh

GZoh^bf nZdlhj wd\b\Ze_glghklb b hij_^_ey_f wd\b\Ze_gl

dbkehlu Ih hij_^_e_gbx f		=	1	=	1	.
			z*
	wd\			2

Wlh agZqbl qlh h^ghfm bhgm G+ \ ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb khhl\_lkl\m_l

qZklv iheh\bgZ fhe_dmeu dbkehlu dhlhjZy b y\ey_lky \ ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb __ obfbq_kdbf wd\b\Ze_glhf

GZoh^bf fheyjgmx fZkkm wd\b\Ze_glZ dbkehlu

	1					M (H	PO	4	)	=	98	= 49 ] fhev.
M			(H3PO	4 )	=	3
						2					2
z

Ijbf_j Hij_^_eblv wd\b\Ze_gl b jZkkqblZlv fheyjgmx fZkkm wd\b\Ze_glZ ]b^jhdkb^Z ojhfZ,,,\ j_Zdpbb

2Cr(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + 6H2O.

J_r_gb_

GZoh^bf qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb KUHG 3:qZklbpZf KUHG 3 khhl\_lkl\mxl bhgh\ G+,qZklbp_ - " - x bhgh\

11

hldm^Z o AgZqbl qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb ]b^jhdkb^Z ojhfZ z* \ ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb jZ\gh

GZoh^bf nZdlhj wd\b\Ze_glghklb KUHG 3 b hij_^_ey_f _]h

obfbq_kdbc wd\b\Ze_gl
bhgZf G+ wd\b\Ze_glgZ		qZklbpZ KUHG 3,
bhgm H+	- " -	y qZklbp hldm^Z y = 1/3.

Wlh agZqbl qlh \ ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb wd\b\Ze_glhf ]b^jhdkb^Z ojhfZ ,,,y\ey_lky mkeh\gZy qZklbpZ – qZklv _]h nhjfmevghc _^bgbpu

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ fheyjghc fZkku wd\b\Ze_glZ KUHG 3:

1					M (Cr(OH)	3	)
M			(Cr(OH)3 )	=				] fhev
	3				3

Ijbf_j Hij_^_eblv wd\b\Ze_gl b jZkkqblZlv fheyjgmx fZkkm wd\b\Ze_glZ ]b^jhdkb^Z fZj]ZgpZ II \ j_Zdpbb

2Mn(OH)2 + 12KOH + 5Cl2 :.0Q24 + 10KCl + 8H2O.

J_r_gb_

GZoh^bf qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb ^ey FQHG 2:

Ihkdhevdm \ nhjfmevghc _^bgbp_ wlh]h ]b^jhdkb^Z kh^_j`blky Zlhf fZj]ZgpZ \ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby Z \ nhjfmevghc _^bgbp_ D0Q24 – \ kl_i_gb hdbke_gby ^_eZ_f \u\h^ qlh qZklbp_ FQHG 2 khhl\_lkl\mxl we_dljhgh\ AgZqbl qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb ]b^jhdkb^Z jZ\gh

GZoh^bf nZdlhj wd\b\Ze_glghklb ]b^jhdkb^Z b hij_^_ey_f

_]h obfbq_kdbc wd\b\Ze_gl f		=	1		=	1	.
	wd\
			z *		5

Wlh agZqbl qlh \ ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb wd\b\Ze_glhf ]b^jhdkb^Z fZj ]ZgpZ,,y\ey_lky mkeh\gZy qZklbpZ – qZklv _]h nhjfmevghc _^b gbpu

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ fheyjghc fZkku wd\b\Ze_glZ ]b^jhdkb^Z

	1			M (Mn(OH)	2	)		89	] fhev
M		(Mn(OH)2 )	=				=			] fhev
	5			5					5

Ijbf_j Hij_^_eblv wd\b\Ze_gl b jZkkqblZlv agZq_gb_ fheyj ghc fZkku wd\b\Ze_glZ kmevnZlZ Zexfbgby \ j_Zdpbb

Al2(SO4)3 + 3Pb(NO3)2 = 2Al(NO3)3 + 3PbSO4.

J_r_gb_

GZoh^bf qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb $O2(SO4)3. < ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb h[f_gZ g_ ijbgbfZxl mqZklby bhgu G+ < wlhf

kemqZ_ ijbgbfZxlky \h \gbfZgb_ ^jm]b_ bhgu k ihklhygguf aZjy^hf

12

jZ\guf beb – < gZr_f ijbf_j_ wlh bhgu NO3− Ba mjZ\g_gby j_ Zdpbb \b^gh qlh h^ghc qZklbp_ $O2(SO4)3 wd\b\Ze_glgu bhgh\123− , l _ qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb z* ^ey kmevnZlZ Zexfbgby jZ\gh r_klb

GZoh^bf nZdlhj wd\b\Ze_glghklb b hij_^_ey_f wd\b\Ze_gl

bhgZf123− khhl\_lkl\m_l qZklbpZ $O2(SO4)3,

bhgm - " - x qZklbp hldm^Z x = 1/6.

Wlh agZqbl qlh \ ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb h[f_gZ obfbq_kdbf wd\b\Ze_g lhf kmevnZlZ Zexfbgby y\ey_lky mkeh\gZy qZklbpZ – qZklv _]h nhjfmevghc _^bgbpu

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ fheyjghc fZkku wd\b\Ze_glZ

	1					M (Al	2	(SO	4	)	3	)
M		(Al2	(SO	4 )3 )	=								] fhev
	6							6

Ijbf_j Hij_^_eblv wd\b\Ze_gl b jZkkqblZlv agZq_gb_ fheyj gh]h h[t_fZ wd\b\Ze_glZ k_jh\h^hjh^Z \ j_Zdpbb

H2S–2 + 8HNO3 :+2S+6O4 + 8NO2 + 4H2O.

J_r_gb_

GZoh^bf qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb G2S Ihkdhevdm \ fhe_dme_ k_jh\h^hjh^Z kl_i_gv hdbke_gby k_ju jZ\gZ – Z \ fhe_dme_ k_jghc

dbkehlu hgZ jZ\gZ ^_eZ_f \u\h^ qlh fhe_dme_ H2S khhl\_lkl \mxl we_dljhgh\ Wlh agZqbl qlh qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb z* k_jh \h^hjh^Z \ ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb jZ\gh

GZoh^bf nZdlhj wd\b\Ze_glghklb k_jh\h^hjh^Z b hij_^_ey_f _]h wd\b\Ze_gl

we_dljhgZf khhl\_lkl\m_l		fhe_dmeZ G2S,
we_dljhgm	- " -	x fhe_dme hldm^Z x = 1/8.

Wlh agZqbl qlh obfbq_kdbf wd\b\Ze_glhf k_jh\h^hjh^Z \ ^Zg ghc j_Zdpbb y\ey_lky mkeh\gZy qZklbpZ – \hkvfZy qZklv _]h fhe_dmeu

GZoh^bf agZq_gb_ fheyjgh]h h[t_fZ wd\b\Ze_glZ k_jh\h^hjh^Z

	1				V			22,4 e fhev
Vm		(H	2S)	=		m	=		e fhev
					8			8
8

Ijbf_j G_ba\_klguc f_lZee fZkkhc ] kh`]eb \ dbkehjh^_ b ihemqbeb hdkb^ f_lZeeZ fZkkhc ] Hij_^_eblv f_lZee

J_r_gb_

AZibr_f h[smx ko_fm j_Zdpbb F_0 H02 : F_ +2 x H−x2 .

13

< khhl\_lkl\bb k aZdhghf wd\b\Ze_glh\ obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h wd\b\Ze_glZ f_lZeeZ jZ\gh obfbq_kdhfm dhebq_kl\m wd\b\Ze_glZ dbkehjh^Z

1

1

m(Me)

=

m(O2 )

.

n

(Me)

= n

(O

2 )

=>

*

*

1

1

z

z

M

(Me)

M

(O

2 )

*

*

z

z

A^_kv m(Me) – fZkkZ f_lZeeZ \klmib\r_]h \ j_Zdpbx

m(O2) – fZkkZ dbkehjh^Z \klmib\r_]h \ j_Zdpbx

	1
M			(Me)		– fheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ f_lZeeZ
		*
z
	1
M			(O	2 )	– fheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ dbkehjh^Z
		*
z

GZc^_f fZkkm dbkehjh^Z \klmib\r_]h \ j_Zdpbx m(O2) = m hdkb^Z – m f_lZeeZ ] – ] ]

GZc^_f fheyjgmx fZkkm wd\b\Ze_glZ fhe_dmeyjgh]h dbkehjh ^Z Ijb h[jZah\Zgbb hdkb^Z dZ`^Zy fhe_dmeZ dbkehjh^Z ijbkh_^bgy_lwe_dljhgZ b ij_\jZsZ_lky \ hdkb^-bhgZ O 02 • : O–2.

Lh]^Z we_dljhgZf khhl\_lkl\m_l fhe_dmeZ H2,we_dljhgm - " - x fhe_dme hldm^Z x = 1/4.

Wlh agZqbl qlh obfbq_kdbf wd\b\Ze_glhf dbkehjh^Z \ ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb y\ey_lky mkeh\gZy qZklbpZ – q_l\_jlZy qZklv fhe_dmeu GZc ^_f agZq_gb_ fheyjghc fZkku wd\b\Ze_glZ dbkehjh^Z

	1				M (O2 )	=	32	= 8 ] fhev.
M		(O	2 )	=
					4		4
4

Ih^klZ\bf qbkeh\u_ agZq_gby \_ebqbg \ \ujZ`_gb_ aZdhgZ

wd\b\Ze_glh\

1

m(Me) M

(O

2 )

10 8

1

z*

M

(Me)

=

=

] fhev

*

m(O2 )

8,89

z

>ey f_lZeeZ qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb z* jZ\gh kl_i_gb _]h hdbk

	1			*
e_gby \ kh_^bg_gbb Ihkdhevdm M(Me) = M			(Me)	· z lh ijb
		*
z

z* = 1	F F_ ] fhev
z* = 2	F F_	] fhev
z* = 3	F F_	] fhev

14

H 02 .

H^gh\Ze_glgh]h f_lZeeZ k fheyjghc fZkkhc ] fhev b ^\mo\Z e_glgh]h f_lZeeZ k fheyjghc fZkkhc ] fhev g_ kms_kl\m_l Lj_o \Ze_glguc f_lZee k fheyjghc fZkkhc – Zexfbgbc Al).

Ijbf_j Ijb jZkl\hj_gbb \ dbkehl_ f_lZeeZ fZkkhc ] \u ^_ebeky \h^hjh^ h[t_fhf e g m Hij_^_eblv f_lZee

J_r_gb_

AZibr_f h[smx ko_fm j_Zdpbb F_0 + nH+ : Men+ + n

2

< khhl\_lkl\bb k aZdhghf wd\b\Ze_glh\ dhebq_kl\h \_s_kl\Z wd \b\Ze_glZ f_lZeeZ jZ\gh dhebq_kl\m \_s_kl\Z wd\b\Ze_glZ \h^hjh^Z Ke_^h\Zl_evgh

m(Me)				=		V (H2 )					.
	1						1
M			(Me)		Vm				(H	2 )
		*						*
z						z

A^_kv m(Me) – fZkkZ f_lZeeZ

V(H2) – h[t_f \h^hjh^Z

		1
M						(Me)			– fheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ f_lZeeZ
			*
z
			1
Vm							(H	2 )	– fheyjguc h[t_f wd\b\Ze_glZ \h^hjh^Z
				*
z

JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ fheyjgh]h h[t_fZ wd\b\Ze_glZ \h^hjh^Z Ihkdhevdm fhe_dmeZ \h^hjh^Z h[jZam_lky ih ko_f_ H+ • : H 02 lh jZkkm`^Z_f lZd

we_dljhgZf khhl\_lkl\m_l fhe_dmeZ G2,

we_dljhgm khhl\_lkl\m_l x fhe_dme hldm^Z x = 1 . 2

LZdbf h[jZahf wd\b\Ze_glhf \h^hjh^Z \ ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb y\ey_l ky mkeh\gZy qZklbpZ – iheh\bgZ _]h fhe_dmeu Ihwlhfm fheyjguc h[t_f wd\b\Ze_glZ \h^hjh^Z [m^_l jZ\_g

	1				V			22,4
Vm		(H	2 )	=		m	=		= 11,2 e fhev .
					2			2
2

Ih^klZ\bf agZq_gby \_ebqbg \ \ujZ`_gb_ aZdhgZ wd\b\Ze_glh\ gZc^_f fheyjgmx fZkkm wd\b\Ze_glZ f_lZeeZ b hij_^_ebf f_lZee

m(Me) V

1

(H

)

9,58 11,2

1

m z*

2

M

(Me)

=

=

] fhev

*

V (H2 )

6,72

z

15

	1				M (Me)
Ihkdhevdm F			(Me)	=			lh fheyjgZy fZkkZ f_lZeeZ [m
		*			z	*
z

	1			*
^_l \ujZ`Zlvky M(Me) = M			(Me)	·z ,
		*
z

=^_ z* beb Kf ijbf_j

Ijb z* = 1	F F_ ] fhev
ijb z* = 2	F F_	] fhev
ijb z* = 3	F F_	] fhev

H^gh- b ^\mo\Ze_glgh]h f_lZeeh\ k gZc^_ggufb agZq_gbyfb fh eyjguo fZkk g_ kms_kl\m_l lj_o\Ze_glguc f_lZee k fheyjghc fZkkhc

] fhev – lblZg7L

Ijbf_j Ba oehjb^Z g_ba\_klgh]h f_lZeeZ fZkkhc ] ihem q_g gbljZl wlh]h `_ f_lZeeZ fZkkhc ] Hij_^_eblv f_lZee

J_r_gb_

Ihkdhevdm obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h wd\b\Ze_glZ oehjb^Z f_ lZeeZ jZ\gh obfbq_kdhfm dhebq_kl\m wd\b\Ze_glZ _]h gbljZlZ lh

m(Me+ xCl−x )				=	m(Me+ x (NO3 )x )
									.
	1					1
M			(MeClx )		M			(Me(NO3 )x )
		*					*
z					z

Ijb j_r_gbb ih^h[guo aZ^Zq g_h[oh^bfh ihfgblv qlh fheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ keh`gh]h \_s_kl\Z jZ\gZ kmff_ fheyjguo fZkk wd \b\Ze_glh\ _]h khklZ\guo qZkl_c >himklbf qlh fheyjgZy fZkkZ wd \b\Ze_glZ g_ba\_klgh]h f_lZeeZ jZ\gZ x ] fhev Mqblu\Zy qlh fheyj gZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ oehjb^-ZgbhgZ Cl– ] fhev Z fheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ gbljZl-ZgbhgZ NO3− jZ\gZ ] fhev b ih^klZ\b\ agZq_gby \_ebqbg \ \ujZ`_gb_ aZdhgZ wd\b\Ze_glh\ ihemqbf

18,34		=	23,64	hlkx^Z x			] fhev
	x + 35,5
			x + 62
Hij_^_ebf f_lZee
					1			*
	Ihkdhevdm M(Me) = M						(Me)	· z ,
						*
				z

]^_ z* – kl_i_gv hdbke_gby f_lZeeZ \ kh_^bg_gbb lh ijb z* = 1 Ü F F_ = ] fhev Ü ] fhev – f_lZee g_ kms_kl\m_l

ijb z* = 2 · F F_ ] fhev Ü ] fhev – f_lZee dZ^fbc&G

16

n(X )

AZdhg :\h]Z^jh

< jZ\guo h[t_fZo jZaebqguo ]Zah\ ijb h^bgZdh\uo \g_rgbo mkeh \byo ^Z\e_gbb b l_fi_jZlmj_ kh^_j`blky h^bgZdh\h_ qbkeh fhe_dme

Ijb j_r_gbb aZ^Zq bkihevamxlky ke_^kl\by ba wlh]h aZdhgZ

Ijb ghjfZevguo mkeh\byo – ^Z\e_gbb dIZ b l_fi_jZ lmj_ hK beb D fhev ex[h]h ]ZaZ aZgbfZ_l h[t_f ijbf_jgh jZ\guc e Hg gZau\Z_lky fheyjguf h[t_fhf ]ZaZ ijb ghjfZev guo mkeh\byo b h[hagZqZ_lky V om . ?^bgbpu baf_j_gby – e fhev beb f3 fhev

Fheyjguc h[t_f ]ZaZ qbke_ggh jZ\_g hlghr_gbx h[t_fZ ]ZaZ d khhl\_lkl\mxs_fm obfbq_kdhfm dhebq_kl\m wlh]h \_s_kl\Z

Vm = V (X ) .

Hlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklv ]ZaZ O ih ]Zam Y – Dy(X) – [_ajZa f_jgZy \_ebqbgZ jZ\gZy hlghr_gbx fheyjguo fZkk ^Zgguo ]Zah\

DY (X ) = M (X ) .

M (Y )

HgZ ihdZau\Z_l \h kdhevdh jZa ]Za O e_]q_ beb ly`_e__ ]ZaZ Y _k- eb bo h[t_fu h^bgZdh\u GZijbf_j hlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklv ZffbZ- dZ ih \h^hjh^m

D	(NH	) =	M (NH3 )	=	17 ] fhev	= 8,5.
H2	3		M (H2 ) 2 ] fhev

?keb lj_[m_lky gZclb agZq_gb_ hlghkbl_evghc iehlghklb ]ZaZ O) ih \ha^mom lh fheyjgmx fZkkm ]ZaZ O ^_eyl gZ kj_^gxx fheyjgmx fZkkm \ha^moZ F\ha^ kj jZ\gmx ] fhev GZijbf_j hlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklv oehjh\h^hjh^Z ih \ha^mom

D\ha^ (HCl) =	M (HCl)	=	36,5 ] fhev	= 1,259.
	M\ha^ (kj.)		29 ] fhev

Kj_^g_c fheyjghc fZkkhc ]Zah\hc kf_kb Fkj gZau\Zxl fZkkm kf_ kb h[t_f dhlhjhc ijb g m jZ\_g e HgZ k\yaZgZ k fheyjgufb fZkkZfb ]Zah\ khhlghr_gb_f

Fkj kf_kb 3(O) · F(O) + 3(Y) · M(Y).

A^_kv 3 X b 3 Y) – h[t_fgu_ ^heb ]Zah\ \ kf_kb F(X b M(Y) – fh eyjgu_ fZkku ]Zah\ H[t_fgZy ^hey ]ZaZ 3 \ kf_kb – \_ebqbgZ jZ\

17

gZy hlghr_gbx h[t_fZ ]ZaZ O d h[t_fm kf_kb DZd b fZkkh\Zy ^hey hgZ fh`_l \ujZ`Zlvky \ ^heyo _^bgbpu beb \ ijhp_glZo

Iehlghklv ]ZaZ ! – \_ebqbgZ qbke_ggh jZ\gZ hlghr_gbx _]h fheyjghc fZkku d fheyjghfm h[t_fm

!(X) = M (X ) .

Vm

GZijbf_j iehlghklv \ha^moZ ijb g m jZ\gZ

! \ha^	M\ha^. (kj.)	=	29 ] fhev	] e
	Vm		22,4 e fhev

AZdhg ;hcey – FZjbhllZ

Ijb ihklhygghc l_fi_jZlmj_ h[t_f ^Zgghc ihjpbb ]ZaZ h[jZl- gh ijhihjpbhgZe_g _]h ^Z\e_gbx

Wlh agZqbl qlh ijb m\_ebq_gbb ^Z\e_gby ]ZaZ \ hij_^_e_ggh_ qbkeh jZa _]h h[t_f mf_gvrZ_lky \h klhevdh `_ jZa Ihwlhfm ijhba \_^_gb_ ^Z\e_gby ]ZaZ gZ _]h h[t_f ijb ihklhygghc l_fi_jZlmj_ y\ey _lky \_ebqbghc ihklhygghc

p1V1 = p2V2 = const.

Ijbf_j Ijb ^Z\e_gbb dIZ h[t_f ]ZaZ jZ\_g e <u qbkeblv agZq_gb_ h[t_fZ ^Zgghc ihjpbb ]ZaZ ijb ^Z\e_gbb dIZ

J_r_gb_

Ba mjZ\g_gby ;hcey-FZjbhllZ \ujZabf V2 b gZc^_f _]h agZq_gb_

V2 = p1V1 = 98,510,4 = 6,3 e . p2 162,6

AZdhg =_c-ExkkZdZ

Ijb ihklhygghf ^Z\e_gbb h[t_f ^Zgghc ihjpbb ]ZaZ ijyfh ijhihjpbhgZe_g _]h Z[khexlghc l_fi_jZlmj_

Wlh agZqbl qlh ijb m\_ebq_gbb Z[khexlghc l_fi_jZlmju ]ZaZ \ hij_^_e_ggh_ qbkeh jZa _]h h[t_f m\_ebqb\Z_lky \h klhevdh `_ jZa Ihwlhfm hlghr_gb_ h[t_fZ ]ZaZ d _]h Z[khexlghc l_fi_jZlmj_ ijb ihklhygghf ^Z\e_gbb y\ey_lky ihklhygghc \_ebqbghc

V1 = V2 = const .

T1 T2

18

Ijbf_j Ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK h[t_f ]ZaZ jZ\_g e <u qbkeblv agZq_gb_ h[t_fZ ^Zggh]h ]ZaZ ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 18 hK

J_r_gb_

JZkkqblZ_f Z[khexlgu_ agZq_gby l_fi_jZlmju Z T1 = t1 + 273 = 18 + 273 = 291 K;

[) T2 = t2 + 273 = 118 + 273 = 391 K.

Ba mjZ\g_gby =_c-ExkkZdZ \ujZabf V2 b jZkkqblZ_f _]h agZ q_gb_

V2 = V1T2 = 6,72 391 = 9,03 e . T1 291

H[t_^bg_gguc ]Zah\uc aZdhg

Ijhba\_^_gb_ \_ebqbgu ^Z\e_gby ^Zgghc ihjpbb ]ZaZ gZ \_ebqbgm _]h h[t_fZ hlg_k_ggh_ d agZq_gbx Z[khexlghc l_fi_jZlmju _klv \_ebqbgZ ihklhyggZy

p0V0 = p1V1 = const .

T0 T1

Wlh mjZ\g_gb_ gZau\Z_lky mjZ\g_gb_f DeZi_cjhgZ ?]h qZklh bk ihevamxl ^ey jZkq_lZ h[t_fZ ]ZaZ ijb ghjfZevguo mkeh\byo _keb ba \_klgh _]h agZq_gb_ ijb ^jm]bo mkeh\byo

Ijbf_j Ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK b ^Z\e_gbb dIZ h[t_f ]Z aZ jZ\_g e <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ h[t_fZ ]ZaZ ijb ghjfZevguo mk eh\byo

J_r_gb_

Ba mjZ\g_gby h[t_^bg_ggh]h ]Zah\h]h aZdhgZ \ujZabf V0 b jZk kqblZ_f _]h agZq_gb_

V	=	T0 p1V1	=	273 68,8 120,4	= 70,2 e.
0		p0T1		101,3 318

?keb obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h ]ZaZ jZ\gh fhev lh agZq_gb_ ^jh

[b pV y\ey_lky ihklhygghc \_ebqbghc b gZau\Z_lky mgb\_jkZevghc

T

]Zah\hc ihklhygghc R < kemqZ_ dh]^Z ^Z\e_gb_ ]ZaZ \ujZ`Z_lky \ dIZ Z h[t_f – \ ebljZo lh R ijbgbfZ_l agZq_gb_ jZ\gh_ 8,314 >` fhev · K K mq_lhf wlh]h ^ey fhev ]ZaZ fh`gh aZibkZlv

pV = R beb pV = RT. T

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?keb `_ obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h ]Zahh[jZagh]h \_s_kl\Z jZ\gh n fhev lh

pV = nRT.

Wlh mjZ\g_gb_ gZau\Z_lky mjZ\g_gb_f DeZi_cjhgZ – F_g^_e__\Z.

Mqblu\Zy qlh n = m ^Zggh_ mjZ\g_gb_ fh`gh aZibkZlv \ \b^_

M

pV = m RT. M

Hgh k\yau\Z_l fZl_fZlbq_kdb ^Z\e_gb_ ]ZaZ _]h h[t_f fZkkm b l_fi_jZlmjm >Zggh_ mjZ\g_gb_ iha\hey_l \uqbkeblv ex[mx ba \oh ^ysbo \ g_]h \_ebqbg _keb ba\_klgu hklZevgu_ \_ebqbgu

Ijbf_j <uqbkeblv agZq_gb_ fheyjghc fZkku \_s_kl\Z _keb _]h iZju fZkkhc ] ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ oK b ^Z\e_gbb dIZ aZ gbfZxl h[t_f jZ\guc fe

J_r_gb_

Ba mjZ\g_gby DeZi_cjhgZ-F_g^_e__\Z \ujZabf M b jZkkqblZ_f __ agZq_gb_

	M =	mRT	=	2,6 8,314 360	= 78 ] fhev
		pV		83,2 1,2

AZdhg iZjpbZevguo ^Z\e_gbc ]Zah\

H[s__ ^Z\e_gb_ kf_kb ]Zah\ g_ \klmiZxsbo \ obfbq_kdh_ \aZb fh^_ckl\b_ jZ\gh kmff_ iZjpbZevguo ^Z\e_gbc dZ`^h]h ba gbo

P kf_kb j(1) j(2) + … j(n).

IZjpbZevgh_ ^Z\e_gb_ ]ZaZ j – ^Z\e_gb_ dhlhjh_ ijhba\h^be [u wlhl ]Za _keb [u hg h^bg ijb l_o `_ mkeh\byo aZgbfZe \_kv h[t_f ]Zah\hc kf_kb

IZjpbZevgh_ ^Z\e_gb_ ]ZaZ \ kf_kb ijhihjpbhgZevgh _]h h[t_f ghc ^he_

j(1) = J kf_kb Ü 3(1).

Ijbf_j H[s__ ^Z\e_gb_ kf_kb khklhys_c ba ZahlZ fZkkhc 14 ] b dbkehjh^Z fZkkhc ] jZ\gh dIZ <uqbkeblv agZq_gby iZj pbZevguo ^Z\e_gbc ]Zah\ \ kf_kb

J_r_gb_

Ihkdhevdm \ kf_kb h[t_fgu_ ^heb ]Zah\ qbke_ggh jZ\gu bo fhevguf ^heyf lh \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ iZjpbZevgu_ ^Z\e_gby ]Zah\ [m ^ml ijhihjpbhgZevgu bo fhevguf ^heyf

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