OpenBook

Ijbf_j . L_fi_jZlmjguc dhwnnbpb_gl kdhjhklb obfbq_kdhc j_Zdpbb jZ\_g <h kdhevdh jZa \hajZkl_l kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb ijb m\_ebq_gbb l_fi_jZlmju \ j_Zdpbhgghf khkm^_ k ^h hK"

J_r_gb_

< khhl\_lkl\bb k ijZ\behf <Zgl-=hnnZ

	vT2	T2 −T1			v38o		38−15
		= γ	10	;		= 2,1	10	= 2,12,3 = 5,5.
	vT1				v15o

Ijbf_qZgb_ ?keb m <Zr_]h dZevdmeylhjZ hlkmlkl\m_l dghidZ \ha\_^_gby \ kl_i_gv lh lZdb_ Zjbnf_lbq_kdb_ \ujZ`_gby fh`gh \u qbkeylv q_j_a klZ^bb eh]Zjbnfbjh\Zgby b ihke_^mxs_]h ihl_gpbb jh\Zgby

lg	v38o	= lg 2,12,3 = 2,3 lg 2,1 = 0,74 Z	v38o	= 100,74 ≈ 5,5.
	v15o		v15o

Obfbq_kdh_ jZ\gh\_kb_

Obfbq_kdb_ j_Zdpbb \ j_amevlZl_ dhlhjuo bkoh^gu_ \_s_kl\Z iheghklvx ij_\jZsZxlky \ ijh^mdlu j_Zdpbb gZau\Zxlky g_h[jZ lbfufb J_Zdpbb b^msb_ h^gh\j_f_ggh \ ^\mo ijhlb\hiheh`guo gZijZ\e_gbyo ijyfhf b h[jZlghf gZau\Zxlky h[jZlbfufb.

< h[jZlbfuo j_Zdpbyo khklhygb_ kbkl_fu ijb dhlhjhf kdhjhklb ijyfhc b h[jZlghc j_Zdpbb jZ\gu vij = vh[j gZau\Z_lky khklhygb_f

obfbq_kdh]h jZ\gh\_kby Obfbq_kdh_ jZ\gh\_kb_ y\ey_lky ^bgZfbq_ kdbf l _ _]h mklZgh\e_gb_ g_ hagZqZ_l ij_djZs_gb_ j_Zdpbb < h[ s_f kemqZ_ ^ey ex[hc h[jZlbfhc j_Zdpbb Z: + bB < dD + eE g_aZ \bkbfh hl __ f_oZgbafZ \uihegy_lky khhlghr_gb_

K = cd (D) ce (E) . ca (A) cb (B)

Ijb mklZgh\b\r_fky jZ\gh\_kbb ijhba\_^_gb_ dhgp_gljZpbc ijh ^mdlh\ j_Zdpbb hlg_k_ggh_ d ijhba\_^_gbx dhgp_gljZpbc bkoh^guo \_s_kl\ ^ey ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb ijb ^Zgghc l_fi_jZlmj_ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh [hc ihklhyggmx \_ebqbgm gZau\Z_fmx dhgklZglhc jZ\gh\_kby (D).

Ijbf_j . GZc^bl_ dhgklZglm jZ\gh\_kby j_Zdpbb : + < < D, ijhl_dZxs_c \ ]Zah\hc nZa_ \ aZdjulhf khkm^_ _keb bkoh^gu_ dhg p_gljZpbb : b < jZ\gu khhl\_lkl\_ggh fhev e b fhev e Z d fhf_glm gZklmie_gby jZ\gh\_kby ijhj_Z]bjh\Zeh \_s_kl\Z <.

51

JZkkqblZcl_ baf_g_gb_ ^Z\e_gby \ kbkl_f_ ih kjZ\g_gbx k i_j\hgZ qZevguf

J_r_gb_

AZibr_f \ujZ`_gb_ dhgklZglu jZ\gh\_kby ^ey wlhc j_Zdpbb

K =	c2	(D)	.

c2 (A) c(B)

Hij_^_ebf jZ\gh\_kgu_ dhgp_gljZpbb \_s_kl\

D fhf_glm gZklmie_gby jZ\gh\_kby ijhj_Z]bjh\Zeh \_s_ kl\Z < ke_^h\Zl_evgh ∆k(<) = 0,25 Â k0(<) = 0,25 Â fhev e JZ\-

gh\_kgZy dhgp_gljZpby \_s_kl\Z < jZ\gZ c(<) = c0(<) – ∆c(<) = 0,4 –

– fhev e

< khhl\_lkl\bb k mjZ\g_gb_f j_Zdpbb ∆c(:) = 2∆c(<) = 2·0,1 = = fhev e Ke_^h\Zl_evgh jZ\gh\_kgZy dhgp_gljZpby \_s_kl\Z :

jZ\gZ c(:) = c0(:) – ∆c(:) = 0,6 – fhev e

< khhl\_lkl\bb k mjZ\g_gb_f j_Zdpbb dhebq_kl\h h[jZah\Z\r_ ]hky \_s_kl\Z D qbke_ggh jZ\gh dhebq_kl\m ijhj_Z]bjh\Z\r_]h \_ s_kl\Z : ihwlhfm ∆c(D fhev e LZd dZd \ i_j\hgZqZevguc fh f_gl \_s_kl\h D hlkmlkl\h\Zeh lh jZ\gh\_kgZy dhgp_gljZpby D jZ\gZ c(D) = 0 + ∆c(D fhev e

Ih^klZ\b\ gZc^_ggu_ jZ\gh\_kgu_ dhgp_gljZpbb \_s_kl\ :, < b D \ \ujZ`_gb_ ^ey dhgklZglu jZ\gh\_kby ihemqbf

K =	0,2			2	= 0,83.
	0,4
		2	0,3

Baf_g_gb_ ^Z\e_gby \ kbkl_f_ ijhihjpbhgZevgh baf_g_gbx kmffZjghc dhgp_gljZpbb ]Zahh[jZaguo \_s_kl\ LZdbf h[jZahf

p = c(A) + c(B) + c(C) = 0,4 + 0,3 + 0,2 = 0,9.
po	co (A) + co (B)	0,6 + 0,4

>Z\e_gb_ \ kbkl_f_ \ fhf_gl jZ\gh\_kby [m^_l khklZ\eylv

hl bkoh^gh]h

Ijbf_j < kbkl_f_ : ] + < ] < D ] jZ\gh\_kgu_ dhgp_gljZpbb jZ\gu c(: fhev e c(< fhev e c(D fhev e GZc^bl_ dhgklZglm jZ\gh\_kby j_Zdpbb b bkoh^gu_ dhgp_gljZpbb : b < \_- s_kl\h D \ bkoh^ghc kf_kb hlkmlkl\m_l

J_r_gb_

DhgklZglZ jZ\gh\_kby ^ey ^Zgghc j_Zdpbb jZ\gZ

	K =	c2 (D)	=	0,62	=1.
		c(A) c(B)		0,4 0,9

52

< khhl\_lkl\bb k mjZ\g_gb_f j_Zdpbb gZ h[jZah\Zgb_ fhev K g_- h[oh^bfh ih fhex \_s_kl\ : b < L d \ j_amevlZl_ j_Zdpbb h[jZah\Z- ehkv fhev e \_s_kl\Z D ke_^h\Zl_evgh gZ _]h h[jZah\Zgb_ bajZkoh^h- \Zehkv ih fhev e \_s_kl\Z : b \_s_kl\Z < LZdbf h[jZahf bkoh^gZy dhgp_gljZpby \_s_kl\Z : jZ\gZ cbko (: fhev e Z bkoh^gZy dhgp_gljZpby \_s_kl\Z < jZ\gZ cbko.(< fhev e

<ebygb_ baf_g_gby \g_rgbo mkeh\bc gZ iheh`_gb_ obfbq_kdh]h jZ\gh\_kby Ijbgpbi E_-RZl_ev_

Baf_g_gb_ mkeh\bc l_fi_jZlmjZ ^Z\e_gb_ dhgp_gljZpby ijb dhlhjuo kbkl_fZ gZoh^blky \ khklhygbb obfbq_kdh]h jZ\gh\_kby ( vij = vh[j \uau\Z_l gZjmr_gb_ jZ\gh\_kby < j_amevlZl_ g_h^bgZdh

\h]h baf_g_gby kdhjhkl_c ijyfhc b h[jZlghc j_Zdpbc vij ≠ vh[j ) c

l_q_gb_f \j_f_gb \ kbkl_f_ mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky gh\h_ obfbq_kdh_ jZ\ gh\_kb_ vij = vh[j khhl\_lkl\mxs__ gh\uf mkeh\byf I_j_oh^ ba

h^gh]h jZ\gh\_kgh]h khklhygby \ ^jm]h_ gZau\Z_lky k^\b]hf beb kf_s_gb_f iheh`_gby jZ\gh\_kby

GZijZ\e_gb_ kf_s_gby obfbq_kdh]h jZ\gh\_kby \ j_amevlZl_ ba f_g_gby \g_rgbo mkeh\bc hij_^_ey_lky ijbgpbihf E_-RZl_ev_ ?keb gZ kbkl_fm gZoh^ysmxky \ khklhygbb obfbq_kdh]h jZ\gh\_kby hdZ aZlv \g_rg__ \ha^_ckl\b_ lh hgh [m^_l [eZ]hijbylkl\h\Zlv ijh l_dZgbx lh]h ba ^\mo ijhlb\hiheh`guo ijhp_kkh\ dhlhjuc hkeZ[ ey_l wlh \ha^_ckl\b_

Ijbf_j . < dZdmx klhjhgm kf_klblky obfbq_kdh_ jZ\gh\_kb_ \ kbkl_f_

CaCO d ↔ CaO d + CO ] ; ∆H d>` fhev

Z ijb \\_^_gbb \ kbkl_fm m]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZ [ ijb \\_^_gbb \ kbkl_fm hdkb^Z dZevpby \ ijb m\_ebq_gbb ^Z\e_gby ] ijb m\_ebq_gbb l_fi_jZlmju"

J_r_gb_

< khhl\_lkl\bb k ijbgpbihf E_-RZl_ev_ jZ\gh\_kb_ \ kbkl_f_ k^\b]Z_lky lZdbf h[jZahf qlh[u mf_gvrblv \g_rg__ \ha^_ckl\b_

Z <\_^_gb_ m]e_dbkeh]h ]ZaZ ijb\h^bl d ih\ur_gbx dhgp_gljZ pbb CO2 >ey hkeZ[e_gby wlh]h \ha^_ckl\by jZ\gh\_kb_ \ kbkl_f_ ^he`gh kf_klblvky \e_\h

53

[ <\_^_gb_ l\_j^h]h hdkb^Z dZevpby g_ baf_gy_l dhgp_gljZpbx KZH \ nZa_ KZH d b obfbq_kdh_ jZ\gh\_kb_ g_ kf_sZ_lky

\ M\_ebq_gb_ ^Z\e_gby ijb\h^bl d m\_ebq_gbx dhgp_gljZpbb CO2 ] b ijZdlbq_kdb gbdZd g_ \eby_l gZ dhgp_gljZpbb l\_j^uo dhf ihg_glh\ JZ\gh\_kb_ k^\b]Z_lky \e_\h

] M\_ebq_gb_ l_fi_jZlmju fh`_l [ulv kdhfi_gkbjh\Zgh wg^h l_jfbq_kdbf ijhp_kkhf Ihkdhevdm bf_ggh ijyfZy j_Zdpby ijhl_dZ_l k ih]ehs_gb_f l_ieZ jZ\gh\_kb_ \ kbkl_f_ kf_sZ_lky \ijZ\h

<hijhku ^ey kZfhklhyl_evghc ih^]hlh\db

1.Qlh gZau\Z_lky kdhjhklvx obfbq_kdhc j_Zdpbb"

2.DZdb_ nZdlhju \ebyxl gZ kdhjhklv obfbq_kdhc j_Zdpbb"

3.DZd kdhjhklv obfbq_kdhc j_Zdpbb aZ\bkbl hl dhgp_gljZpbc j_Z ]_glh\" Knhjfmebjmcl_ hkgh\ghc aZdhg obfbq_kdhc dbg_lbdb – aZdhg ^_ckl\mxsbo fZkk – b mdZ`bl_ mkeh\by _]h ijbf_g_gby

4.GZibrbl_ fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ \ujZ`_gby aZdhgZ ^_ckl\mxsbo fZkk ^ey ke_^mxsbo j_Zdpbc

Z NOCl ] = 2NO ] + Cl ] ; [ Fe2O d + 3H ] = 2Fe d + 3H2O ] .

5.Hl dZdbo nZdlhjh\ aZ\bkbl dhgklZglZ kdhjhklb j_Zdpbb"DZdh\ __ nbabq_kdbc kfuke"

6.DZdh\h \ebygb_ ^Z\e_gby gZ kdhjhklv obfbq_kdhc j_Zdpbb"

7.DZd \eby_l ih\ur_gb_ ihgb`_gb_ l_fi_jZlmju gZ kdhjhklv ob fbq_kdhc j_Zdpbb"

8.Qlh lZdh_ l_fi_jZlmjguc dhwnnbpb_gl kdhjhklb obfbq_kdhc j_ Zdpbb"

9.Ihq_fm kdhjhklv obfbq_kdhc j_Zdpbb k ih\ur_gb_f l_fi_jZlmju \hajZklZ_l gZfgh]h kbevg__ q_f qbkeh klhedgh\_gbc fhe_dme"

10.DZdb_ fhe_dmeu gZau\Zxlky Zdlb\gufb"

11.Qlh lZdh_ wg_j]by Zdlb\Zpbb b Zdlb\bjh\Zgguc dhfie_dk"

12.DZdh\h khhlghr_gb_ \_ebqbg wg_j]bb obfbq_kdbo k\ya_c \ j_Z]b jmxsbo fhe_dmeZo b wg_j]bb Zdlb\Zpbb j_Zdpbb"

13.Ijb\_^bl_ wg_j]_lbq_kdmx ^bZ]jZffm khhlghr_gby wg_j]bb Zdlb \Zpbb b l_ieh\h]h wnn_dlZ j_Zdpbb DZd h[tykgblv qlh l_ieh\hc wnn_dl j_Zdpbb g_ aZ\bkbl hl __ wg_j]bb Zdlb\Zpbb"

14.DZd \eby_l \_ebqbgZ wg_j]bb Zdlb\Zpbb gZ kdhjhklv obfbq_kdhc j_Zdpbb"

15.<hafh`gu eb j_Zdpbb k wg_j]b_c Zdlb\Zpbb jZ\ghc gmex"

16.DZdh\Z \aZbfhk\yav f_`^m dhgklZglhc kdhjhklb j_Zdpbb b __ wg_j]b_c Zdlb\Zpbb"

54

17.DZdh\h \ebygb_ \_ebqbgu wg_j]bb Zdlb\Zpbb gZ l_fi_jZlmjguc dhwnnbpb_gl kdhjhklb j_Zdpbb"

18.DZdb_ \_s_kl\Z gZau\Zxlky dZlZebaZlhjZfb"

19.< q_f aZdexqZ_lky mkdhjyxs__ ^_ckl\b_ dZlZebaZlhjZ"

20.DZdh\h \ebygb_ dZlZebaZlhjZ gZ \_ebqbgm wg_j]bb Zdlb\Zpbb ob fbq_kdhc j_Zdpbb" Ihykgbl_ k bkihevah\Zgb_f wg_j]_lbq_kdhc ^bZ]jZffu

21.GZ ijZdlbq_kdhf ijbf_j_ h[tykgbl_ kmsghklv l_hjbb ijhf_`m lhqguo ijh^mdlh\

22.< q_f khklhbl hkh[_gghklv n_jf_glZlb\guo j_Zdpbc"

AZ^Zqb ^ey j_r_gby

128.GZibrbl_ fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ \ujZ`_gby aZdhgZ ^_ckl\mxsbo fZkk ^ey j_Zdpbc b^msbo ih ko_fZf

Z : ] + 2< ] : :< ] ;	\ : j + < j : :2< j ;
[ : ] + < d : :< ] ;	] : j + < d : D j + E d .

129. JZkkqblZcl_ dZd baf_gblky kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb

2: ] + < ] : K ] _keb

Z m\_ebqblv dhgp_gljZpbx \_s_kl\Z : \ jZaZ [ m\_ebqblv dhgp_gljZpbx \_s_kl\Z < \ jZaZ \ m\_ebqblv ^Z\e_gb_ \ kbkl_f_ \ ^\Z jZaZ ] m\_ebqblv h[t_f kbkl_fu \ ^\Z jZaZ"

130.GZqZevgu_ dhgp_gljZpbb j_Z]_glh\ jZ\gu k0(: fhev e b k0(< fhev e JZkkqblZcl_ dZd baf_gblky kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb 2: ] + < ] : D ] ih kjZ\g_gbx k i_j\hgZqZevghc \ lhl fhf_gl dh]^Z ijhj_Z]bjm_l \_s_kl\Z <

131.< khkm^ h[t_fhf e \\_eb ] H2 b ] NO JZkkqblZcl_ dZd baf_gblky kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb NO ] H ] : NO ] ih kjZ\g_gbx k i_j\hgZqZevghc \ lhl fhf_gl dh]^Z ijhj_Z]bjm_l NO.

132.L_fi_jZlmjguc dhwnnbpb_gl kdhjhklb j_Zdpbb jZ\_g JZk kqblZcl_ dZd baf_gblky kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb _keb Z m\_ebqblv l_fi_jZlmjm \ kbkl_f_ k hK ^h hK [ mf_gvrblv l_fi_jZlm jm \ kbkl_f_ k hK ^h hK"

133.Ijb ih\ur_gbb l_fi_jZlmju gZ hK kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb \hajZk lZ_l \ jZaZ Hij_^_ebl_ l_fi_jZlmjguc dhwnnbpb_gl kdhjh klb j_Zdpbb

134.Ijb mf_gvr_gbb l_fi_jZlmju k hK ^h hK kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb mf_gvrbeZkv \ jZa Hij_^_ebl_ l_fi_jZlmjguc dhwnnbpb_gl kdhjhklb j_Zdpbb

55

¨Ho = – d>` ¨Ho d>` ¨Ho = – d>` ¨Ho = – d>`

135.GZ kdhevdh ]jZ^mkh\ g_h[oh^bfh baf_gblv l_fi_jZlmjm \ kbkl_ f_ qlh[u kdhjhklv j_Zdpbb m\_ebqbeZkv \ jZa _keb l_fi_jZ lmjguc dhwnnbpb_gl jZ\_g"

136.< dZdmx klhjhgm kf_klblky jZ\gh\_kb_ \ kbkl_fZo

Z+ ] +I ] <+I ] ;

[1 ] H ] <12 ] ; \ KH ] H ] < KH ] ; ] G ] H ] < G2H ] ;

– ijb m\_ebq_gbb ^Z\e_gby

– ijb m\_ebq_gbb h[t_fZ kbkl_fu

– ijb hoeZ`^_gbb kbkl_fu

137.GZibrbl_ fZl_fZlbq_kdh_ \ujZ`_gb_ dhgklZglu jZ\gh\_kby \ kbkl_f_

Z1 ] H ] <12 ] ;

[) CH3COOH(j) <++(j) + CH3COO-(j);

\&X2 d G ] <&X d G2H ] ; ]12 ] H ] <12 ] ; ^>$J &12]– j < $J+ j + 2CN– j .

138.KlZg^ZjlgZy wglZeviby h[jZah\Zgby 3&O ] jZ\gZ d>` fhev DZdb_ mkeh\by g_h[oh^bfh kha^Z\Zlv ^ey m\_ebq_gby ijZdlbq_ kdh]h \uoh^Z3&O5 ijb _]h kbgl_a_ ba ijhkluo \_s_kl\"

139.Obfbq_kdh_ jZ\gh\_kb_12 ] H ] <12 ] mklZgh\behkv ijb dhgp_gljZpbyo hdkb^Z ZahlZ ,, dbkehjh^Z b hdkb^Z ZahlZ ,9 jZ\guo khhl\_lkl\_ggh b fhev e <uqbkebl_ dhg klZglm jZ\gh\_kby b bkoh^gu_ dhgp_gljZpbb hdkb^Z ZahlZ ,, b dbkehjh^Z _keb \ bkoh^ghc kbkl_f_ hdkb^ ZahlZ,9hlkmlkl\h\Ze

140.<uqbkebl_ dhgklZglm jZ\gh\_kby j_Zdpbb12O ] <12 ] _keb gZqZevgZy dhgp_gljZpby12O4 [ueZ fhev e Z d fhf_glm gZ klmie_gby jZ\gh\_kby ijh^bkkhpbbjh\Zeh12O4.

141.DZd baf_gblky ^Z\e_gb_ \ kbkl_f_ N ] + 3H ] < NH ] _keb gZqZevgu_ dhgp_gljZpbb ZahlZ b \h^hjh^Z \ kbkl_f_ [ueb khhl \_lkl\_ggh jZ\gu b fhev e Z d fhf_glm gZklmie_gby jZ\ gh\_kby ijhj_Z]bjh\Zeh ZahlZ"Hij_^_ebl_ dhgklZglm jZ\ gh\_kby \ ^Zgghc kbkl_f_ ijb wlbo mkeh\byo

142.DhgklZglZ jZ\gh\_kby ]hfh]_gghc kbkl_fu1 ] + 3H ] <1+ ] ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ hK jZ\gZ JZ\gh\_kgu_ dhgp_gljZpbb \h ^hjh^Z b ZffbZdZ khhl\_lkl\_ggh jZ\gu b fhev e <uqbk ebl_ jZ\gh\_kgmx b gZqZevgmx dhgp_gljZpbb ZahlZ _keb \ bkoh^ ghc kbkl_f_ ZffbZd hlkmlkl\h\Ze

56

143.Ijb hK dhgklZglZ jZ\gh\_kby kbkl_fu)H2 d + CO ] <)H d + + CO ] jZ\gZ <uqbkebl_ jZ\gh\_kgu_ dhgp_gljZpbb KH b KH2 _keb bo gZqZevgu_ dhgp_gljZpbb jZ\gu khhl\_lkl\_ggh

b fhev e

144.DhgklZglZ jZ\gh\_kby KH ] G ] < KH ] G2H ] jZ\gZ _^bgb p_ Hij_^_eblv kdhevdh ijhp_glh\ KH2 ih^\_j]g_lky ij_\jZs_ gbx \ KH _keb kf_rZlv fhev KH2 b fhev G2 .

145.DhgklZglZ jZ\gh\_kby KH ] G ] < KH ] G2H ] jZ\gZ _^bgb p_ Hij_^_eblv \ dZdbo h[t_fguo hlghr_gbyo [ueb kf_rZgu KH2 b G2 _keb d fhf_glm gZklmie_gby jZ\gh\_kby \ j_Zdpbx \klmibeh i_j\hgZqZevgh]h dhebq_kl\Z \h^hjh^Z"

146.>ey j_Zdpbb G ] + Br ] < +%U ] ijb g_dhlhjhc l_fi_jZlmj_ dhgklZglZ jZ\gh\_kby jZ\gZ Hij_^_eblv h[t_fguc khklZ\ jZ\gh\_kghc kbkl_fu _keb bkoh^gZy kf_kv khklhyeZ ba fhev \h^hjh^Z b fhev [jhfZ

147.< aZfdgmlhf khkm^_ ijhl_dZ_l j_Zdpby :< ] < : ] < ] Dhg klZglZ jZ\gh\_kby jZ\gZ Z jZ\gh\_kgZy dhgp_gljZpby \_s_ kl\Z : jZ\gZ fhev e GZc^bl_ gZqZevgmx dhgp_gljZpbx \_ s_kl\Z :< Z lZd`_ kl_i_gv jZaeh`_gby wlh]h \_s_kl\Z

148.Hij_^_ebl_ dhgklZglm jZ\gh\_kby j_Zdpbb12 ] <12O ] ijb 25 hK bkoh^y ba baf_g_gby bah[Zjgh-bahl_jfbq_kdh]h ihl_gpbZ eZ kbkl_fu \ j_amevlZl_ j_Zdpbb¨Go298(N2O4 d>` fhev ¨G 0298 (NO2 d>` fhev

= E : < : 9

DHEBQ?KL<?GGUC KHKL:< J:KL<HJH<

JZkl\hjhf gZau\Zxl ]hfh]_ggmx kbkl_fm i_j_f_ggh]h khklZ \Z khklhysmx ba ^\mo beb [he__ \_s_kl\ <_s_kl\Z khklZ\eyxsb_ jZkl\hj gZau\Zxl dhfihg_glZfb jZkl\hjZ JZkl\hju [u\Zxl ]Zahh[ jZagu_ `b^db_ b l\_j^u_

>ey [bheh]bb b f_^bpbgu gZb[hevrbc bgl_j_k ij_^klZ\eyxl `b^ db_ \h^gu_ jZkl\hju Ex[hc jZkl\hj khklhbl ba jZkl\hj_gguo \_s_kl\ b jZkl\hjbl_ey ohly wlb ihgylby \ ba\_klghc kl_i_gb mkeh\gu H[uqgh jZkl\hjbl_e_f kqblZxl lhl dhfihg_gl dhlhjuc \ jZkl\hj_ gZoh^blky \ lhf `_ \b^_ qlh b ^h jZkl\hj_gby GZijbf_j \ \h^ghf jZkl\hj_ ]exdhaul\_j^h_ \_s_kl\h jZkl\hjbl_e_f y\ey_lky \h^Z Z kf_kv kibjlZ `b^ dhklv b \h^u `b^dhklv fh`gh gZa\Zlv \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl dhebq_kl\Z dhfihg_glZ jZkl\hjhf kibjlZ \ \h^_ beb \h^u \ kibjl_

57

< jZkl\hjZo we_dljheblh\ \g_ aZ\bkbfhklb hl khhlghr_gby dhf ihg_glh\ b bo Z]j_]Zlgh]h khklhygby we_dljheblu \k_]^Z jZkkfZljb \Zxlky dZd jZkl\hj_ggu_ \_s_kl\Z

K\hckl\Z jZkl\hjZ hij_^_eyxlky dZq_kl\_gguf b dhebq_kl\_g guf khklZ\hf jZkl\hjZ GZ ijZdlbd_ dhebq_kl\_gguc khklZ\ jZkl\h jh\ \ujZ`Zxl ijb ihfhsb ke_^mxsbo \_ebqbg Z [_ajZaf_jguo – fZkkh\Zy h[t_fgZy b fheyjgZy ^heb [ jZaf_jguo – fZkkh\Zy dhg p_gljZpby \_s_kl\Z fheyjgZy dhgp_gljZpby \_s_kl\Z fheyjgZy dhgp_gljZpby wd\b\Ze_glZ \_s_kl\Z b fheyevghklv

FZkkh\Zy ^hey jZkl\hj_ggh]h \_s_kl\ZZ-^m[ev-\w \ujZ`Z_l ky \ ^heyo _^bgbpu ijhp_glZo ijhfbee_ÅlukyqgZy qZklv b \ fbeebhgguo ^heyo fegØ1 FZkkh\Zy ^hey qbke_ggh jZ\gZ hlghr_gbx fZkku jZkl\hj_ggh]h \_s_kl\Z m1 d h[s_c fZkk_ jZkl\hjZ

w(X ) = m1(X ) 100% . m(j − jZ)

H[t_fgZy ^hey jZkl\hj_ggh]h \_s_kl\Z ϕ – nb \ujZ`Z_lky \ ^heyo _^bgbpu beb ijhp_glZo b qbke_ggh jZ\gZ hlghr_gbx h[t _fZ `b^dh]h beb ]Zahh[jZagh]h \_s_kl\Z V1 d h[s_fm h[t_fm jZkl\h jZ beb kf_kb V:

ϕ(X ) = V1(X ) 100 %.

V

>ey jZkl\hjh\ kibjlZ ijbgylh h[t_fguc ijhp_gl h[hagZqZlv dZd h.

GZijbf_j _keb fZkkh\Zy ^hey+&O \ jZkl\hj_ lh wlh agZ qbl qlh \ ] jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`blky ]+&Ob ] jZkl\hjbl_ey ?k eb h[t_fgZy ^hey 22 \ \ha^mo_ khklZ\ey_l – wlh agZqbl qlh \ 100 e \ha^moZ kh^_j`blky e dbkehjh^Z b l ^

FheyjgZy ^hey jZkl\hj_ggh]h \_s_kl\Z χ – ob) \ujZ`Z_lky \ ^heyo _^bgbpu beb ijhp_glZo b qbke_ggh jZ\gZ hlghr_gbx ob fbq_kdh]h dhebq_kl\Z jZkl\hj_ggh]h \_s_kl\Z n1 d kmffZjghfm qbkem fhev \k_o dhfihg_glh\ jZkl\hjZ™ni:

χ(X ) = n1(X ) 100%

∑ ni

FZkkh\Zy dhgp_gljZpby \_s_kl\Z7X), beb lblj \ujZ`Z_lky \ d] ^f3 ] kf3 ] e ] fe f] fe Qbke_ggh jZ\gZ hlghr_gbx fZkku jZkl\hj_ggh]h \_s_kl\Z X) d h[t_fm jZkl\hjZ V:

T (X ) =	m(X )	.
	V (j − jZ)

58

< debgbq_kdhc ijZdlbd_ g_j_^dh \ujZ`Zxl fZkkh\mx dhgp_g ljZpbx bhgh\ \ fbeeb]jZffZo gZ fe jZkl\hjZ f]

FheyjgZy dhgp_gljZpby \_s_kl\Z k(X) \ujZ`Z_lky \ fhev e fhev ^f3 fhev kf3 fhev fe Qbke_ggh jZ\gZ hlghr_gbx obfbq_kdh]h dhebq_kl\Z jZkl\hj_ggh]h \_s_kl\Z X) d h[t_fm jZkl\hjZ V:

		c(X ) =				n(X )	.
					V (j − jZ)
	FheyjgZy dhgp_gljZpby wd\b\Ze_glZ \_s_kl\Z wd\b\Ze_gl
		1					3
gZy	dhgp_gljZpby k			(X )	\ujZ`Z_lky \ fhev e fhev ^f			,
			*
	z

fhev kf3 fhev fe Qbke_ggh jZ\gZ hlghr_gbx obfbq_kdh]h dhebq_

	1
kl\Z wd\b\Ze_glZ jZkl\hj_ggh]h \_s_kl\Z			(X )	d h[t_fm jZkl\hjZ
		*
z

						1
					n			(X )
	1						*
				=	z
c			(X )						.
		*
z					V (j − jZ)

Fheyevghklv jZkl\hjZ E ; fhev d] qbke_ggh jZ\gZ hlghr_ gbx obfbq_kdh]h dhebq_kl\Z jZkl\hj_ggh]h \_s_kl\Z X d fZkk_ jZk l\hjbl_ey m d]

	b(X ) =	n(X )	.
		m(j − ey)

Dhwnnbpb_gl jZkl\hjbfhklb \_s_kl\Z s – fZdkbfZevgZy fZkkZ \_s_kl\Z kihkh[gZy jZkl\hjblvky \ ] \h^u ijb ^Zgghc l_fi_jZlmj_ k h[jZah\Zgb_f gZkus_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ JZkl\hjbfh klvx lZd`_ gZau\Zxl fheyjgmx dhgp_gljZpbx \_s_kl\Z \ _]h gZ kus_gghf jZkl\hj_

Ijbf_j DZdb_ h[t_fu \h^u b jZkl\hjZ%D&O2 k fZkkh\hc ^he_c kheb b iehlghklvx ] fe ihlj_[mxlky ^ey ijb]hlh\e_gby gh\h]h jZkl\hjZ h[t_fhf e k fZkkh\hc ^he_c kheb jZ\ghc b iehlghklvx ] fe"

J_r_gb_

Z <uqbkebf fZkkm ihemq_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ h[t_fhf e m j-jZ

= 1000 ] [ <uqbkebf fZkkm%D&O2 \ ihemq_gghf jZkl\hj_ m(BaCl2): \ ] jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`blky ] \_s_kl\Z%D&O2),

59

\ ]

−

x ] (BaCl2),

100

=

2

x

]

1012

x

<uqbkebf fZkkm bkoh^gh]h jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`Zs_]h ] oehjb

^Z [Zjby

\ ] jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`blky ]%D&O2,

\ y ]

−

]%D&O2,

y

]

<uqbkebf h[t_f bkoh^gh]h jZkl\hjZ fZkkhc ]

V j-jZ

m(j − jZ)

=

202

fe

ρ(j − jZ)

1,09

FZkkZ ^h[Z\e_gghc \h^u khklZ\beZ m(H2O) = m j-jZ − m j-jZ BaCl2) = 1012 − ] l d iehlghklv \h^u ijb dhfgZlghc l_f

	i_jZlmj_ [ebadZ d _^bgbp_ lh V (H	2O) =	m(H	2O)	=	810	= 810 fe.
			ρ(H2O)			1

Ijbf_j GZc^bl_ fZkkm \h^u b f_^gh]h dmihjhkZ &X624 × × 5H2O), g_h[oh^bfu_ ^ey ijb]hlh\e_gby jZkl\hjZ h[t_fhf e k fZk kh\hc ^he_c CuSO4 jZ\ghc b iehlghklvx lZdh]h jZkl\hjZ

1,084 ] kf3.

J_r_gb_

FZkkZ ihemq_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ [m^_l khklZ\eylv m j-jZ V j-jZ ρ j-jZ ]

<uqbkebf fZkkm&X624 \ wlhf jZkl\hj_

m(CuSO4) = w(CuSO4) m j-jZ = 0,08 108 ] <uqbkebf fZkkm f_^gh]h dmihjhkZ kh^_j`Zs_]h ]&X624:

M(CuSO4 5H2O) = 160 + 90 = ] fhev

\ ] dmihjhkZ kh^_j`blky ]&X624,

x ] – ]&X624, x = ] FZkkZ \h^u khklZ\bl m(H2O) = 1084 − ]

Ijbf_j DZdb_ h[t_fu jZkl\hjZ k_jghc dbkehlu k fZkkh\hc ^he_c iehlghklvx ] fe b \h^u g_h[oh^bfh \aylv ^ey ijb ]hlh\e_gby jZkl\hjZ+2SO4 h[t_fhf fe k fZkkh\hc ^he_c b iehlghklvx ] kf3.

J_r_gb_

GZc^_f fZkkm fe jZkl\hjZ

m(j − jZ) = V (j − jZ) ρ(j − jZ) = 100 ]

60