Exercise 5. Read and translate the text.

MICROBES

Microbes are little things we seldom see. Billions of microbes surround us everywhere. They even share with us the food we eat. When we wash our hands with soap we remove only nine out of eve­ry ten. The name «microbe» comes from two Greek words meaning «small» and «life». It's a good name for them, because they are very much alive and very small indeed. They "are far too small for our eyes to see.

These tiny little things eat and grow, travel and multiply, and live lives as real as those of any other plants or animals. They live in almost every sort of place: in water, in soil, in air, on dust, in milk and other food, in and on our bodies. We have discovered them by the work they do, and by observing them through powerful microscopes.

Microbes require warmth, moisture, air, and food. Some get their food from dead material, such as plant and animal remains and from soil; others from living plants or animals. As the latter take food from living things, they prevent them from growing normally. In animals they frequently cause disease and death. Microbes have a very simple way of eating: they just absorb the food into any part of their bodies.

Microbes vary in size and activity. A few microbes bring us disease and spoil our food. But far more microbes are our friends. Some of them bring about the decay of animal and plant remains. They keep the world free from being full of refuse. Others purify the soil for our crops, help us in making butter and cheese, leather and tobacco, and even our bread.

We are most concerned with harmful microbes that cause disease in the human body. Some of these enter wounds in the skin and grow and multiply in the blood. As they do so, they produce poisons which may travel throughout the body and bring about death. Fortunately, most of these microbes have little chance of living or multiplying if the per­son is in good health.

These tiny creatures were first discovered almost three hundred years ago through a microscope which mag­nified them one hundred and sixty times. Nowadays it is usual to magnify them one thousand times, and the microcamera can photograph them.

If twenty-five thousand microbes could be made to stand in a straight line, they would measure one inch. Of course, scientists have an accurate way of measuring them – they use microns. A micron is one-thousandth part of a millimetre. Each hair on your head is about sixty microns thick, and the average microbe is about one micron in diameter. Some are much larger – twenty five microns, and some are much smaller – one fifth of a micron.

If we want to be safe from harmful microbes, we must learn to avoid them, to kill them and to resist them. We avoid them by keeping away from diseased people, breath­ing as pure air as can be found, using safe foods and drinks. We may kill microbes by using soap, by letting direct sunlight into our rooms, by boiling water or food and sometimes by freezing it. We can resist them better if we go in for sports in all kinds of weather and in every season.

B-GROUP

Exercise 6. Give English equivalents to the following word combinations.

1. викликати хворобу _____________________________________

2. вимагати тепло та iжу ___________________________________

3. спостерiгати в мiкроскоп _________________________________

4. мати змогу жити ______________________________________

5. дуже простий cnociб ____________________________________

6. значно бiльше ________________________________________

7. заважати росту _________________________________________

8. такий же чистий, як _____________________________________

9. (бути) рiзного розмiру __________________________________

Exercise 7. Choose the necessary word from the two given in brackets.

1. They live in almost (every, each) sort of place.

2. Microbes require (warm, warmth)

3. Harmful microbes prevent plant from (growth, growing) normally.

4. Microbes have a vary (easy, simple) way of eating.

5. We go in for sports in all (types, kinds) of weather.

Exercise 8. Paraphrase the following sentences using the words in the right column instead of the words in the left column.

many more far more

to cause to bring about

to have a possibility to have a chance

to be interested in to be concerned with

1. Many more microbes are our friends.

2. They produce poisons which may cause death.

3. Microbes have no possibility of living and multiplying if the person is in good health

4. We are interested in the cause of this disease.

C-GROUP

Exercise 9. Fill in the prepositions or adverbs if necessary.

1. They live __­_ almost every sort____ place: ___ water, ___ soil, ___air, __ dust, __ milk.

2. We have discovered them ___ powerful microscopes.

3. Some get their food ____ dead material.

4. They prevent living things ___ growing normally.

5. Microbes have a very simple way ___ eating.

6. They vary ____ size and activity.

7. Microbes keep the world free ___ being full ___ refuse.

8. Others purify the soil ___ our crops, helping ___ us to make butter and cheese, leather and tobacco.

9. Some ___ these enter ___ wounds ___ the skin and grow and multiply ____ the blood.

10. We can resist them better we go ___ ___ sports __ all kinds __ weather.

Exercise 10. Write out from the text predicates in Passive Voice.

Exercise 11. Put the words given in brackets into correct order.

1. We have discovered them (them, by, through, observing, microscopes, powerful).

2. Other purify the soil for our crops (in, help, making, butter, and, us, cheese).

3. They produce poisons, which (travel, throughout, may, the body).

4. If we want to be safe from harmful microbes (must, to, we, them, learn, avoid).

5. ( better, we, them, resist, can) if we go in for sports in all kinds of weather.

Exercise 12. Put the questions the answers to which are the following sentences.

1. We can observe them through powerful microscopes.

2. They help us in making butter and cheese, leather and tobacco.

3. We may kill microbes by letting sunlight into our rooms.

4. They frequently cause disease.

5. Microbes require warmth, moisture, air, and food.

6. Microbes vary in size and activity.

7. Some of them enter wounds in the skin.

8. We avoid them by keeping away from diseased people.

9. Microbes may be killed by boiling water and food.

Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Мiльйони мiкробiв оточують нас всюди.

2. Коли ми миємо руки з милом, ми знищуємо тiльки дев'ять мiкробiв з кожних десяти.

3. Слово “мiкроб” походить вiд двох грецьких слiв “малий” та “життя”.

4. Мiкроби мають дуже простий cnociб живлення; вони абсорбують iжу вciм тiлом.

5. Деякi мiкроби допомагають у виробництві масла, сиру, табаку та навiть хлiба.

6. Шкiра людини має особливiсть вбивати мiкробiв, за умови, що вона чиста.

7. Бактерiологiя робить великi успiхи; і ми дiзнаємося багато нового про бaктepiї, про тi, якi несуть людям хвороби, i про тi, якi приносять нам користь.

D-GROUP

Exercise 14. Answer the following questions.

1. Where do microbes live?

2. What do microbes require?

3. What do they frequently cause in animals?

4. What helps to keep the world free from being full of refuse?

5. What do harmful microbes cause in the human body?

6. Are most of the microbes our friends or enemies?

7. What must we do to be safe from harmful microbes?

8. Why must we breathe as pure air as we can?

9. What is the origin of the word “microbe”?

10. When were microbes first discovered?

11. Can a microcamera photograph them nowadays?

12. How long is an average microbe?

Exercise 15. Correct the wrong statements. Use phrases given below.

on the contrary; I don't believe that;

to my mind; it is considered that;

as is known

These tiny things never grow. – On the contrary, they eat and grow, travel and multiply.

1. It is impossible to observe microbes through powerful microscopes.

2. They do not require warmth and food.

3. They very seldom cause disease.

4. Very few microbes are our friends.

5. We cannot resist and kill microbes.

6. They do not take part in making butter, cheese, tobacco and bread.

7. Microbes have a very complicated way of eating.

Exercise 16. Make up the annotation to the following text in English.

Use the words and word combinations given below.

шкіра – skin

посіяні – sown out

через годину – in an hour, an hour later

робити великі успіхи – to make great progress

робити щеплення – to inoculate

визначати якість – to determine the quality

переживати зміни – to undergo changes

Шкipa людини має особливість вбивати мiкробiв, за умови, що вона чиста. Як показав дослiд, з 30 мiльйонiв мiкробiв, посiяних на дiлянцi чистої шкiри, за годину залишилось 720 тисяч, а через 2 години ix залишилось 7 тисяч.

В наш час багато говорять і пишуть про бактерiї. Бактерiологiя робить великі успіхи, і ми дiзнаємося багато нового про бaктepiї, про тi, якi несуть людям хвороби, i про тi, якi приносять нам користь.

Наприклад, цi найдрiбнiшi iстоти вiдiграють важливу роль у визначенні якості тютюну. Листя тютюну, перш нiж перетворитись на сигари та цигарки, зазнають деяких змiн. Ранiше вважали, що це суто хiмiчнi змiни. Але дослiдження показали, що цi змiни спричиняються мiкроорганiзмами. Чистi культури бактерiй, отриманi вiд одного сорту тютюну, прищеплювали iншому. І в останнього з’являлись якості того сорту тютюну, від якого були отримані бактерії.