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•Engine management and emergency handling.

•Use of normal, abnormal and emergency checklists.

•ATC Communications.

•SIDs and STARs.

•Autopilot management, and

•Use of simplified in-flight documentation.

•The recurrent checks are to be performed in the single-pilot role on the type or class of aeroplane in the environment representative of the operation.

•The pilot is to have a minimum of 50 hours flight time on the specific type or class of aeroplane under IFR, of which 10 hours is as Commander, and

•The minimum required recent experience is to be 5 IFR flights including 3 instrument approaches carried out during the preceding 90 days on the type or class or aeroplane in the single-pilot role. This requirement may be replaced by an IFR instrument approach check on the type or class of aeroplane.

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Conversion, Training and Checking

Operators are responsible for ensuring that all flight crew are correctly qualified for the role and duty they are employed for.

Type Rating

Each flight crew member is required to complete a type rating course (approved by the Authority and in accordance with Part-FCL) when changing from one type of aeroplane to another for which a type or class rating is required. Successful completion of the course will involve passing a skill test which will have a period of validity of 12 months.

Conversion Training

Flight crew members are required to complete a conversion course of training before commencing unsupervised line flying when changing to an aeroplane for which a new type or class rating is required or when changing operator. Conversion training is to be conducted by suitably qualified personnel and the syllabus of training is to be specified in the OM. The personnel integrating CRM into conversion training are to be appropriately qualified. The amount of training required by an operator’s conversion course will be determined by the flight crew member’s previous training as recorded in the training records required to be kept by the operator. The minimum standard of qualification and experience required prior to commencing conversion training are specified in the OM.

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Difference and Familiarization Training

If a pilot is required to operate a variant of a type of aeroplane or another type of the same class currently operated, or when procedures or equipment is changed for types or variants currently operated, difference training focussing on additional knowledge and training on an approved training device or the aeroplane, is to be carried out. Familiarization training involves the acquisition of additional knowledge when operating another type or variant, or when procedures or equipment is changed.

Recurrent Training and Checking

Operators are to ensure that all flight crew members undergo recurrent training and checking relevant to the type and variant of the aeroplane operated. The training and checking is specified in the OM. The training and checking specified is to include:

•Operator Proficiency Checks.

•Line Checks.

•Emergency and Safety Equipment training and checking.

•CRM training.

•Ground and Refresher training, and

•Aeroplane/STD training.

Operator Proficiency Check

Each crew member is required to undergo the Operator Proficiency Check in accordance with EU-OPS. This requires a pilot to demonstrate proficiency and competence in carrying out normal, abnormal and emergency procedures. The check is to be conducted without external reference when the pilot is required to operate under IFR.

The period of validity of an Operator Proficiency Check is 6 calendar months in addition to the remainder of the month of issue. If a subsequent check is carried out within the last 3 months of the current check, the date of expiry of the recent check will be 6 months from the expiry date of the previous check (3 month rule). For instance, the current check validity period expires on 31 December. The pilot successfully passes an Operator Proficiency Check on 1 October. The period of validity will therefore be extended to 30 June next year.

Line Checks

Each flight crew member is to undergo a line check to demonstrate competence in carrying out normal line operations as described in the OM. The period of validity of a line check is to be 12 months (dated from the last day of the month of issue). The 3 month rule applies.

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Emergency and Safety Equipment Training and Checking

Each flight crew member is to undergo training and checking on the location and use of all emergency and safety equipment carried on the aeroplane. The period of the check is to be 12 months (dated from the last day of the month of issue). The 3 month rule applies. The training and checking can be combined and is to be conducted in an aeroplane or a suitable alternative training device. Every year the training programme must cover:

•Donning of a life jacket.

•Donning of protective breathing equipment.

•Handling of fire extinguishers.

•The location and use of all emergency and safety equipment on the aeroplane.

•Instruction on the location and use of all types of exits, and

•Security procedures.

Every three years the training must cover:

•Operation of all types of exits.

•Demonstration of the method of using a slide.

•Actual fire fighting on an actual or simulated fire.

•Actual handling of pyrotechnics (real or simulated).

•Demonstration of the use of a life raft.

•The effects of smoke in an enclosed environment and use of relevant equipment in a simulated smoke filled environment.

Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training

The operator is to ensure that elements of CRM are integrated into all appropriate phases of recurrent training and that each flight crew member undergoes specific modular CRM training. All major CRM topics are to be covered over a period not exceeding 3 years.

Ground and Refresher Training

The operator is to ensure that each flight crew member undergoes Ground and Refresher training at least every 12 months. The 3 month rule applies. The training which will be verified by a questionnaire or other means is to include:

•Aeroplane systems.

•Operational Procedures and requirements including ground de/anti-icing and pilot incapacitation.

•Accident and incident occurrence review.

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Aeroplane/STD Training

The operator is to ensure that each flight crew member undergoes Aeroplane/STD training at least every 12 months. The 3 month rule applies. The training is to be established so that all major failures of aeroplane systems and associated procedures will have been covered in the preceding three year period. The required training may be combined with the operator proficiency check.

Pilot Qualifications to Operate in Either Pilot Seat

Before a pilot is permitted to operate in either seat, the pilot must have completed the necessary additional training and undergone the required checking. The training programme is to be included in the OM and is to be acceptable to the Authority. Commanders whose duties require them to operate in the right-hand seat and carry out the duties of co-pilot, or Commanders required to conduct training or examining from the right-hand seat are to be suitably qualified. The additional training must include the following:

•An engine failure after take-off.

•A one engine inoperative approach and missed approach; and a one engine inoperative landing.

Where the engine-out manoeuvres are carried out in an aeroplane, the engine failure must be simulated.

When operating in the right-hand seat, the pilot must be fully qualified, valid and current to operate from the left-hand seat. A pilot relieving the Commander must have demonstrated practice of drills and procedures which would not normally be the responsibility of the relieving pilot.

Recent Experience

In order to operate at the controls of an aeroplane in flight, a pilot must be in current flying practice. This means that the pilot must have flown the aeroplane (or in certain circumstances, a flight simulator) and carried out specified manoeuvres in the aeroplane on a specified number of occasions.

•A pilot is not permitted to act as pilot flying (PF) or pilot not flying (PNF) unless the pilot has carried out 3 take-offs and landings in the last 90 days in an aeroplane, or in a flight simulator, of the same type/class.

•A pilot who does not hold a valid instrument rating is not to be assigned duty as the Commander of an aeroplane at night unless the pilot has carried out at least one landing at night in the preceding 90 days as PF in an aeroplane or in a flight simulator, of the same type or class.

The 90 day period may be extended to 120 days under the supervision of a Type Rated Instructor (TRI) or Type Rated Examiner (TRE). For periods beyond 120 days the recency requirement is satisfied by a training flight or use of a flight simulator of the aeroplane type to be used.

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