- •Reference Book
- •Academic Writing
- •Contents
- •Unit 1 Academic Writing Style
- •1. The Differences between Spoken and Written Language
- •Checklist of language to avoid in academic writing
- •Exercise 1. Find the matches between more formal and common vocabulary.
- •Exercise 2. Match the following colloquial expressions with their formal equivalents:
- •Exercise 3. Edit the following text fragments according to the academic writing style:
- •2. Levels of Formality
- •Exercise 4. Organize the following sets of sentences in the order of formality as shown in the example above. The first one is done for you as a guide.
- •Exercise 5. Identify the inconsistency in levels of formality in the following text fragments and revise them.
- •Unit 2 Paragraph Writing
- •1. Paragraph Structure
- •A Sample Paragraph
- •Concepts to remember
- •The Topic Sentence
- •Exercise 2. Underline the statement you think would make the best topic sentence of the paragraph.
- •Organizing Patterns
- •Patterns of Paragraph Development
- •Illustration
- •Paragraph 1
- •Paragraph 2
- •Paragraph 3
- •Paragraph 1
- •Paragraph 2
- •Paragraph 3
- •Paragraph 4
- •Paragraph 5
- •Transitional words and phrases
- •Spoken language
- •Evaluating a paragraph
- •Paragraph Writing Evaluation Form
- •Unit 3 Essay Writing
- •1. Organization of the Essay
- •2. The Introductory Paragraph
- •Practice: The Introductory Paragraph
- •3. The Concluding Paragraph
- •Example
- •Practice: Concluding Sentences
- •Example
- •Formulating the counterarguments against the thesis
- •Organizing the essay The classical system of argumentation based on that of ancient Greek and Roman orators
- •5. Argumentation Designs Diagram I
- •Diagram II: Controlling Handguns – Pro and Con
- •6. The Writing Product Content
- •Organization
- •Language
- •The Writing Process
- •7. Checklist of Essay The Whole Essay
- •Paragraph
- •Sentence
- •8. Sample Argumentative Essay The predominant reason students perform better with
- •Practice. Revising the Essay
- •Heavy Traffic
- •Unit4 Research Paper
- •1. What Is Research?
- •2. Steps in Writing a Research Paper
- •What you must do
- •What you must produce
- •Note Taking
- •Bibliography
- •Some examples to compare
- •Practice. Write a paraphrase of each of the following passages.
- •5. Summary
- •Requirements for Summaries
- •Steps in Summarizing
- •A Sample Outline and Summary the colonial heritage
- •The Outline
- •The Summary
- •Language Focus: The First Sentence in a Summary
- •Useful Phrases for Longer Summaries
- •6. Texts for Note-Taking, Paragraphing and Summarizing Text 1 japan paves way for big foreign influx
- •Text 2 the gulf between professor
- •The keys to a civil society—diversity, tolerance, respect, consensus
- •Multiple-choice tasks Original I
- •Sample I
- •Sample II
- •Sample III
- •Original II
- •Sample IV
- •Sample V
- •Sample VI
- •7. Annotated Research Paper
- •Educating Kids at Home
- •Works cited
- •Research Paper Peer Editor’s Comments and Suggestions
- •Paragraph structure
- •8. Research Paper Abstracts
- •Supplement Comparison of Punctuation Marks Usage in English and Ukrainian
- •Practice
- •List of Works Cited Books
- •Articles
- •Internet Sources
- •Other Sources
- •Basic Features of mla Style Key Points Two Basic Features of mla Style
- •Mla author/page style for in-text citations
- •The mla list of works cited
- •Key points What to Do in the mla List of Works Cited
- •Articles
- •Internet sources
- •Key Points Citing Internet Sources
- •Other sources
- •Literature Used
Practice: Concluding Sentences
Read the following thesis statements. Circle the letter of the most appropriate concluding sentence. Notice that each concluding sentence begins with a transition signal.
Example
1. My greatest problem in learning English is oral communication.
In conclusion, learning to read and write English is difficult.
In conclusion, because I do not speak English enough, my listening and speaking skills have not improved.
In conclusion, everyone should practice speaking English more.
2. Smoking is unhealthful because it can cause heart and lung disease; moreover, it is expensive.
In brief, buying cigarettes is a bad idea.
In conclusion, smoking affects your health, and it is also a waste of money.
Therefore, smoking is a bad habit.
3. In my opinion, college grades are necessary because they motivate students to do their homework and to attend classes regularly.
In conclusion, college grades are important.
In conclusion, students should be graded for their own good.
In conclusion, college grades are important because they cause students to be more serious and to try harder.
4. My major goals are getting a part-time job and mastering the use of the English language.
In conclusion, if I do not reach my goals, I will be unhappy.
In brief, finding a job and using English well are important to me.
In summary, my major goals are getting a part-time job and mastering the use of the English language.
5. London has excellent bus and subway systems.
In conclusion, the public transportation system in London provides reliable service at all times.
In conclusion, taking a bus in London is convenient.
In conclusion, taking public transportation is a good way to get around in London.
4. Argumentative Essay
What is argument?
Definitions from The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3rd Edition:
putting forth reasons for or against; debating;
attempting to prove by reasoning; maintain or content;
giving evidence of; indicate;
persuading or influence (another), as by presenting reasons.
Formulating an arguable position
An arguable statement should:
try to convince readers of something or to persuade them to do something;
focus on a problem or question for which there is no easy or obvious answer;
present a position about which others may reasonably have different opinions.
Formulating an argumentative thesis
An argumentative thesis is a particular type of thesis statement that has two parts:
statement about what is (the arguable statement as done above);
claim about what ought to be (what action should be taken in light of statement).
Establishing credibility
There are three ways to establish credibility
demonstrating knowledge about the topic (ask how);
establishing common ground with readers;
demonstrating fairness to opposing points of view.
Formulating support for the thesis
You need not only present your opinion, but also support it with evidence.
Using personal experience.
Giving logical reasons to support your thesis
giving examples and precedents;
citing an authority or expert on the topic.
Showing causes and effects.
Using inductive and deductive reasoning.
Giving emotional reasons to support your thesis
using description;
using concrete language;
using figurative language (metaphors, similes, analogies).