VIII. Ask as many questions as possible to the following questions:

1. Rolling is reduced either by the force required to submerge buoyant floats or by hydrodynamic foils.

2. Active fin stabilizers are normally used to reduce the roll that a vessel experiences while under way.

3. Ships are usually designed to slightly exceed the stability requirements, as they are usually tested for this by a classification society.

4. Finit element analysis is often employed because the areas and volumes can quickly become tedious and long to compute using other methods.

5. Ships today use the process of adaptation and variation that has been used for hundreds of years.

IX. Retell the text: “Ship stability.” unit 8. Shipyard

I. Master the active vocabulary:

shipyard – судоверфь

yacht – яхта

to be associated with – ассоциировать с чем – либо, связывать

maintenance – обслуживание

interchangeably – взаимозаменяемо

to merge – погружать, погружаться

to be fragmented – быть фрагментированным

to be constructed – быть построенным

a tidal river – приливная река

dry dock – сухой док

dust – free warehouse – непыльный склад, хранилище

fabrication – производство

dockyard – судостроительная или судоремонтная верфь

a trade route – торговый маршрут

peninsula – полуостров

II. Read and translate the following text:

Shipyards and dockyards are places which repair and build ships. These can be yachts, military vessels, cruise liners or other cargo or passenger ships. Dockyards are sometimes more associated with maintenance and basing activities than shipyards, which are sometimes associated more with initial construction. The terms are routinely used interchangeably, in part because the evolution of dockyards and shipyards has often caused them to change or merge roles.

Fig.6.Kawasaki Shipbuilding Kobe Shipyard & Machinery Works, Kobe, Japan

Countries with large ship building industries include South Korea, Japan, China, Germany, Poland and Croatia. The ship building industry tends to be more fragmented in Europe than in Asia.

The site of a large shipyard contains many specialized cranes, dry docks, slipways, dust-free warehouses, painting facilities and extremely large areas for fabrication of the ships.

After a ship's useful life is over, it makes its final voyage to a shipbreaking yard, often on a beach in South Asia. The world's earliest dockyards were built in the Harappan port city of Lothal circa 2400 BC in Gujarat, India. Lothal's dockyards connected to an ancient course of the Sabarmati river on the trade route between Harappan cities in Sindh and the peninsula of Saurashtra when the surrounding Kutch desert was a part of the Arabian Sea. Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard and a warehouse to serve the purposes of naval trade. The dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is regarded by archaeologists as an engineering feat of the highest order. It was located away from the main current of the river to avoid silting, but provided access to ships in high tide as well.