IV. Translate the following text: “Balanced rudder.”

The balanced rudder was an innovation in warship construction.

In ships whether military or civilian and whether driven by power or by sail, the rudder was a simple flat piece of wood or metal, situated at the after end of the hull and hinged at the forward end, which could be angled to one side or the other to deflect the water passing it and hence provide an impulse to turn the ship. This required the exertion of significant force, as the passage of the water past the rudder tended to force it into a straight line in conformity with the flow.

The concept of a balanced rudder involved the shifting of the centre of rotation of the rudder to point approximately one-third of the way from the forward end to the after end. This meant that when the rudder was turned, the flow of water past the ship actively worked on the forward third to increase the angle of deflection, whereas the same flow acted on the after two thirds to reduce the angle. The mechanics of fluid dynamics produced a solution in which the turning force applied in one direction on the rudder by the passing water was balanced by the turning force applied in the other direction, allowing the rudder to be moved with only limited mechanical resistance.

V. Insert the missing word

1. The bridge of a ship is an … or … from which the ship can be ….

2. Traditionally, in … …, the ship would be commanded from the … ….

3. Commands would be passed from … … on the bridge to stations dispersed throughout the ….

4. … … would be passed to an enclosed … …, where the coxswain or helmsman operated the ship’s wheel.

5. Iron and later steel, ships also required … ….

6. Larger ships particularly …, often had a number of different ….

7. A separate … … could be provided in flagships.

VI. Ask as many questions as possible

1. The bridge of a ship is an area or room from which the ship can be commanded.

2. In older warships, a heavily armored conning tower was often provided.

3. Modern advances in remote control equipment have seen progressive transfer of the actual control of the ship to the bridge.

4. The wheel and throttles can be operated directly from the bridge.

5. Commands would be passed from the senior officer on the bridge to stations dispersed throughout the ship.

VII. Use the following words and word combinations in sentences of your own:

To have the traditional binnacle, to house radar antennae, to be commanded, to be underway, to maintain control, the poop deck, to require a platform, to connect the paddle houses, to disperse throughout the ship, coxswain, to display smth on a dial.

VIII. Give some information about Captain’s bridge.

Unit 17. Engine room

I. Master the active vocabulary:

generator – генератор

oil purifier – маслоочиститель

sound proofed – звуконепроницаемый

control system – система контроля

flammable fuel – легковоспламеняющееся топливо

internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

to speed up – увеличивать скорость

to recirculate – рециркулировать

heat exchanger – теплообменник

general ventilation – общая вентиляция

II. Read and translate the following text:

Fig 19. Location of a ship's engine room.

In a ship, an engine room is where the main engine(s), generators, compressors, pumps, fuel/lubrication oil purifiers and other major machinery are located, sometimes referred to as the "machinery space". On modern ships, a sound-proofed, air-conditioned engine control room (ECR) is situated next to the engine room (ER), for the ship's machinery control systems.

Fig. 20.Main engine deck of a cargo vessel

Engine rooms are hot, noisy, sometimes dirty, and potentially dangerous. The presence of flammable fuel, high voltage (HV) equipment and internal combustion engines (ICE) means that a serious fire hazard exists in the engine room, which is monitored continuously by the ships engineering staff and various monitoring systems.

Engine Rooms are typically towards the stern, i.e. rear, of the boat from the crews living accommodations. They contain the generating plant normally used to power the ships electrics, often running on separate engines, with an array of smaller generators contributing towards the ships required power levels, with a margin of error, i.e. a ship requiring 300A might employ four 90a generators. If equipped with internal combustion or turbine engines, engine rooms employ some means of providing air for the operation of the engines and associated ventilation. If individuals are normally present in these rooms, additional ventilation should be available to keep engine room temperatures to acceptable limits. If personnel are not normally in the engine space, as in many pleasure boats, the ventilation need only be sufficient to supply the engines with intake air. This would require an unrestricted hull opening of the same size as the intake area of the engine itself assuming the hull opening is in the engine room itself. Commonly screens are placed over such openings and if this is done, airflow is reduced by approximately 50% so the opening area is increased appropriately. The requirement for general ventilation and the requirement for sufficient combustion air are quite different. A typical arrangement might be to make the opening large enough to provide intake air plus 1000 Cubic Feet per Minute (CFM) for additional ventilation. The engines will pull sufficient air into the engine room for their use.

An engine room will usually contain multiple engines, either diesel or heavy fuel, the engines are used to provide mechanical power to the gear box, which speeds up from the minimal tick over, typically between 400-1000rpm and operates the ships hydraulic pumps, and most importantly via the propellers, the screws (propellers)...

The engine(s) get their required cooling via means of liquid to liquid heat exchangers connected to fresh seawater or divertible to recirculate to tanks in the engine room which are also full or sea water; both supplies are used to draw heat from the engines via the coolant and oil lines. the heat exchangers are plumbed in such a way that oil is represented by a yellow mark on the flange of the pipes, and relies of paper type gaskets to seal the mating faces of the pipes, sea water or brine, is represented by a green mark on the clanges, and internal coolant is represented by blue marks on the flanges.