Text d Ecology Is the Pressing Problem
The ecological problem which is also very much a social one is the pressing global problem of our days. It is closely linked, through cause-and-effect relations, to the problems of economic growth, progress in science and technology, natural resources, energy, and food supplies. In many cases the environmental problem has become a dominant one in relation to many others.
The pollution of the environment, the destruction of ecosystems, the destruction of many species of plants and animals have now reached threatening proportions. An increasing influence on nature and the application of new technological procedures (whose consequences are increasingly dangerous for the environment) may cause catastrophic results. Negative anthropogenic influences threaten to disrupt nature’s basic cycles and to undermine the self-regenerating capacities of the biosphere and of its individual components.
This is illustrated by the following data. By comparison with the beginning of the twentieth century the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, as well as aerosols, has increased dozens of times in many cities, and has increased globally by 20 per cent. As a result of the formation of a layer of carbon dioxide around the Earth which encloses it like a glass cover the threat of unfavorable changes in climate has arisen that may transform our blue planet into an enormous greenhouse during the next decades with possibly catastrophic effects. Those include changes in its energy balance and a gradual increase in temperature that will transform fertile regions into arid ones, raise the level of water in the ocean (through the melting of polar and drifting ice) and produce a flooding of large numbers of coastal lands and cities. The threat of disruption in the oxygen balance has arisen through the destruction of the ozone screen'' in the lower stratosphere as a result of the flights of supersonic aircraft (its destruction by 50 per cent will increase ultraviolet radiation 10 times, with corresponding influences on the sight of animals and humans,). Pollution of the ocean has increased at a rate that threatens to make it global (4 • 106 tons of petroleum are channeled to the ocean, i. e. approximately 0.1 per cent of petroleum production).
All this exerts a substantial adverse influence on the health of individuals, their labour productivity, and their creative activities. Besides it requires increasing capital investments in order to sustain the fertility of agricultural land and to purify water bodies3, since their waters are becoming unsuitable both for general use and for use in economy. The pollution of the environment through chemical, physical and biological agents (the development of micro-organisms and agricultural pests that are immune to drugs and poisons) together with increases in the volume and types of ionizing radiation, produce among other things, an increase in their mutagenic influence on individuals4, that is, in pathological changes in heredity and a greater number of hereditary defects, diseases, genetically determined forms of vulnerability to serious and chronic diseases. These impede the vital activities and reproductive functions of cause their genetic degeneration. Calculations of researchers indicate that increases in natural background radiation by only 10 rads may lead to the birth of 6 million hereditarily defective persons in each generation.
Notes: 1) self-regenerating capacities of biosphere - саморегуляция биосферы;
2) The destruction of the ozone screen - разрушение озонового слоя;
3) Water bodies - водные бассейны;
4) Mutagenic influence on individuals - мутагенное влияние на людей;
5) Natural background radiation - естественная фоновая радиация (излучение);
6) rad - яд. физ. рад (0.01 Дж/кг);
7) 10 times - 10 раз