Добро пожаловать. Здесь мы готовимся к экзамену по Бобкову. Ниже приведен список тем. Еще ниже снова скопированы темы, туда надо сбрасывать готовые варианты, информацию по теме, можно даже вместе со ссылками. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- СПИСОК ТЕМ 1. Healthy lifestyle + Positive thinking 2. Personal Interests (Leisure time) + Traveling + Sport 3. Professional Identification (the need for interpreters) 4. Globalisation (language) 5. Youth problems (range of priorities) 6. Education in UK 7. GB cultural legacy (author + interpretation or painter or anything of interest) 8. Environment and ecology (or ecology of language) 9. IT in language learning or Addiction to Hi-Tech ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ПО ТЕМАМ (сюда собирать информацию,отделяйте разную информацию по одной теме). 1. Healthy lifestyle + Positive thinking
Healthy lifestyle
Nowadays our life is getting more and more tense. People live under the press of different problems, such as social, ecological, economic and others. They constantly suffer from stress, noise and dust in big cities, diseases and instability. A person should be strong and healthy in order to overcome all difficulties. To achieve this aim people ought to take care of their physical and mental health. There are several ways to do it.
The state of your body depends on how much time you spend doing sports. At least everybody must do morning exercises every day. Doing simple exercises every day can increase your health level and improve your immune system. Physical training strengthens your organism and allows effective fighting with illnesses. So if you are active, breathe fresh air and don't stay too much time indoors you will not have problems with your health. The healthiest kinds of sports are swimming, running and cycling. Sleep is one of the main factors that influence our health. Every person needs to sleep about 8 hours to stay active during weekdays. Bad sleep can decrease your mental and physical abilities, and become a reason for illnesses and stress.
Healthy food is also a very important factor. Overeating causes many dangerous diseases. Adopting a healthy lifestyle can help prevent or delay the onset of diabetes and is critical to managing the disease. It's also imperative to normalizing your critical health numbers, including weight, blood sugar, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol. Making healthy food choices, including controlling portion sizes and reading food labels, is an essential step in maintaining a proper body weight and preventing or managing diabetes. A heart-healthy diet includes foods that are low in fat, cholesterol, and sodium. The daily menu should include meat, fruit and vegetables, milk product, which are rich in vitamins, fat, proteins and etc. Fruit and vegetables are natural resources of vitamins A, B, C and E and other useful substances. Bread, dairy products, nuts and low-fat meat give you a large amount of energy and nutritious elements. On the other hand modern diets are very popular especially among women. Diets may be harmful, if they are used in the wrong way.
To be healthy, people should get rid of their bad habits. It's necessary to stop smoking and drinking much. Everyone should remember that cigarettes, alcohol and drugs destroy both body and brain. Smoking cigarettes shortens your life and can cause cancer. Drinking alcohol ruins your organism, destroys your nervous system and leads to liver malfunction. Taking drugs causes addiction and a large number of such illnesses as cancer, AIDS and tuberculosis. Recent studies show cigarette smoking is the leading avoidable cause of death in the United States, accounting for more than 440,000 deaths each year. It's also the most important modifiable cause of premature death; about a third of these deaths are cardiovascular-related. Besides according to statistics most of crimes are committed by people under the influence of drugs and alcohol. In addition it is recommended to watch TV less, avoid anxiety and observe daily routine.
A lot of people do not consider their emotions as a health factor. Being an optimist allows you to live more happily and easily cope with difficulties and problems. Positive emotions, smiling and laughing prolong your life and let you avoid stress. Certainly it's hard to follow all these recommendations, but every person has to choose between healthy life style and numerous illnesses.
2. Personal Interests (Leisure time) + Traveling + Sport Leisure, or free time, is time spent away from business, work, and domestic chores. It is also the periods of time before or after necessary activities such as eating, sleeping and, where it is compulsory, education. The distinction between leisure and unavoidable activities is loosely applied, i.e. people sometimes do work-oriented tasks for pleasure as well as for long-term utility. A distinction may also be drawn between free time and leisure. For example, it is maintained that free time is illusory and rarely free; economic and social forces appropriate free time from the individual and sell it back to them as the commodity known as "leisure". Leisure studies is the academic discipline concerned with the study and analysis of leisure, a branch of the social sciences that focuses on understanding and analyzing leisure. Tourism and recreation are common topics of leisure research. A hobby is a regular activity or interest that is undertaken for pleasure, typically done during one's leisure time. Examples of hobbies include collecting, creative and artistic pursuits, making, tinkering, sports and lots of other activities. Engaging in a hobby can lead to acquiring substantial skill, knowledge and experience. People also enjoy participating in competitive hobbies such as athletics, hockey, curling, golf, bowling and tennis. What are hobbies for some people are professions for others. For example, a chef may enjoy playing computer games as a hobby, whilst a professional game tester might enjoy cooking. Generally speaking, the person who engages in an activity for fun is called an amateur (or hobbyist), as distinct from a professional. What are the different types of leisure activities? Social: Activities done with other people Creative: Activities, where a person makes or creates something Physical: Activities that require body movement Cognitive: Activities that require a person to think Relaxation: Activities, where a person does to feel calm Spiritual: Activities, where a person submits to a higher power What can leisure do for a person? Leisure offers many benefits to participants. The primary benefits include: - Improved health - Improved social relationships - Improved physical fitness - Improved mental health - Increased life satisfaction and enjoyment (and) - Personal development and growth As for me, I'm interested in different kinds of sport. In summer I like to swim. I also do some cycling. I'm very fond of football and basketball. These days I enjoy watching European Football Championship which takes place in Poland and Ukraine. I’m a supporter of Russian national sport teams and some of the football clubs and basketball teams as well. _ As for me, I like traveling. Many people like to travel because it is interesting, attractive & you can see new different places. The main reasons why people travel are: they visit other counters for getting more useful information about this country, his nation, languages & so on, for relax (sometimes it is necessary to leave your house & have a rest). Traveling is a good learning experience about the world, and helps me not to take things for granted, as well as enjoy all the people and beautiful places / foods / languages out there. I seem to be hooked on it now. Completely. 3. Professional Identification (the need for interpreters) Many people get confused as to the difference between an interpreter and a translator. There is a common tendency to think translators interpreter, or that interpreters translate. In fact, the two are very separate jobs requiring different skills. To explain who and/or what an interpreter as opposed to a translator we set out the main differences between interpreting and translation. Interpreting vs. Translation On a basic level it would appear that there is little difference between an interpreter and a translator. One translates spoken words and the other written words. However, the differences in how the job is carried out, the pressures, requirements, skills and talents are many. A translator must be able to write well and be able to express words, phrases, innuendos and other linguistic nuances between languages on paper. A translator has the luxury of time, resources (dictionaries, etc), reference material and the freedom to take a break when needed. Their pressures are relatively limited. Translators only work into their native languages to assure accuracy in both linguistic and cultural senses. Translators therefore, it could be argued, are not completely bilingual. They may be able to deal effectively with written sources but when it comes to orally translating, it is a different skill. A translator therefore has a one dimensional aspect to their work. They deal with written words and language that come from paper and return to paper. An interpreter, on the other hand, has to be able to translate spoken words in two directions. They do this using no resources or reference material bar their knowledge and expertise. An interpreter is required to find linguistic solutions to problems on the spot. The pressure therefore can be quite intense. In addition to interpreting, the interpreter must also act as a bridge between people, relaying tone, intentions and emotions. Where an interpreter is caught between cross fire they need to demonstrate great professionalism and diplomacy. Their roles are therefore much more complex as they have to deal with both language and people. What does an Interpreter do? There are two ways of interpreting known as consecutive and simultaneous. Simultaneous interpreting involves interpreting in 'real time'. Many would have seen an interpreter sitting in a booth wearing a pair of headphones and speaking into a microphone at a conference or large diplomatic meeting such as the EU or UN. A simultaneous interpreter has the unenviable task of quickly digesting what one person is saying before immediately translating it to others. One of the key skills simultaneous interpreters must demonstrate is decisiveness. They must think quickly and on their feet. Consecutive interpreting is carried out in face to face meetings, speeches or court cases. A speaker will usually stop at regular junctures, say every few sentences, and have the interpreter translate, before proceeding. A key skill involved in consecutive interpreting is the ability to remember what has been said. 4. Globalisation (language) English as a global language The English language is the second most widely spoken tongue in the world today. Of the living languages listed on the language database, only Chineese is spoken by more people. It is the English language however that seems to be having a bigger impact on the world as a whole and has become the global de-facto standard used in business, cultural and political exchange. The integration, or coming together of the world’s cultures and economies is commonly known as globalisation, and a shift in language usage and language demarcations is closely bound to these global changes. These international shifts and trends affect the languages that we all speak, which in turn have a marked effect on the functions and organisation of our brains and the way that we think. Due to the rise of globalisation, it seems that the English language more than any other is having a most pronounced and lasting impact on the collective networks of the world mind. The English language has over 500 million people that speak it, with 340 million of these using it as their primary or first language. While Mandarin has over double that amount of speakers, it does not have the same level of ubiquity when it comes to economic and cross cultural communication. Perhaps one reason why the English language has become such an international force is because of its ability to adapt and mutate in the face of change, an open ended philosophy that has certainly served it well. English as a means of communication is good at incorporating the ‘other’ into its own language as can be seen with the many words and phrases originally from other languages that most people would now consider authentically English. The strength of the English language is that it accepts these variations and integrates them into itself effectively. There is a huge cultural uptake of English, with dozens of variations on the language coming into existence as people have shaped it with their own cultural conditioning. These differing versions of the language are still understandable as English however, and have helped it to evolve and grow at a rapid rate. English has become a sort of common denominator in international affairs, as it has a fairly open ended linguistic structure and is able to be understood in a wide variety of circumstances. The birth of the Internet in an English speaking country has also had a huge impact on this global evolution of the language, with almost 80% of the worlds’ digital information now stored in English. The Internet is basically English oriented, as most of the large search engines are based in the U.S.A and the major computer languages themselves are a kind of sub set of the English language. This alone has been a huge effect on globalisation and has meant that English speaking countries are at a definite advantage when it comes to communicating with the world as a whole. 5. Youth problems (range of priorities) Youth has always faced some problems like, for example, lack of pocket money or misunderstandings with parents, but today young people have far more serious problems. Youth is a very important period in the life of man. This is the time when a person discovers the world and tries to determine the place in the universe. Young people face lots of problems which are very important for them and do not differ much from those that once their parents had to deal with. At the same time every generation is unique. It differs from the one that preceded it in its experience, ideals and a system of values. The adults always say that the young are not what they were. These words are repeated from generation to generation. To some extent they are true, because every new generation grows up quicker, enjoys more freedom. It is better educated and benefits from the results of the technological progress of the time. Young people of today do not directly accept the standards of their parents who believe that they are right because they are older. The adults don't want their values to be questioned. The young on the other hand can not accept the values of their "fathers". All these differences generate a generation gap when the young and adult do not understand one another. As a rule the adults, dissatisfied with their own lives, teach the young how to live. Unfortunately, the adults apply old standards to the new way of life. They can not leave behind their "good old days". This burden is very heavy. They think that the world is going downhill. They gloomily look ahead unable to understand the optimism of their children who want to pave their own way in life. The majority of the young people do not want to live in the past. They have their own ideals. They want to make their own mistakes rather than to listen to the warnings of the adults and repeat the mistakes of the older generation. They want to overcome their own difficulties without looking back. However, the life of the young is frequently determined by the adults. I think that parents will never understand their children. And children, in their turn, shock their parents with their dress, language, behavior. The existence of subculture which is specific for every generation is a form of protest of the young people against the values of the adults. Such subculture members appeared as a kind of protest against the values and lifestyles of the older people. Traditionally, young people were looking at their elders for guidance. Today the situation is different. Sometimes the young people share information and experience with their parents. I think that it is not bad, especially when the adults really try to understand what is going on in the lives of their children. Moreover, young people grow up so quickly that they almost do not have time to enjoy their childhood. Another problem that young people face today concerns their relationship with their friends. As far as friendship is concerned, I think that a person can and should have a lot of friends. Не/she can be on good terms with the classmates. But at the same time there can be only two or three real friends. I believe that real friends will never betray each other. They will always understand and help each other. I agree that tolerance is the pledge of friendship. It is wonderful if a school friend will remain your friend for the rest of your life. But in this case everything depends on the person. The problem of love is very important for young people. Today they fall in love when they reach the age of Romeo and Juliet. Romanticism and idealism very often accompany the love of the young. They can love deeply and passionately, they believe that their love will last forever. Unfortunately, often their hearts are broken. Young people are not always ready to have stable relations. In many cases they are too young and inexperienced to begin a family life. They have to continue their education, while family obligations will force them to make money. At the same time without good education it is not easy to find a good job. Communication has always been an important part of young people's lives. Today they can choose between traditional and new ways of communication. Traditionally the young meet after classes with their school friends, make parties, go to the movies or disco clubs to have fun, relax and acquire new friends. But if the young people do not like noisy clubs and other places of entertainment, they can find friends without leaving their homes - the Internet gives such an opportunity. Although this international Web Wide Web is intended for getting knowledge, only few users employ it only in this way. Others use different computer programs to chat with their friends from all over the globe. They can sit for twenty four hours staring at the monitors. Such young people do not eat, sleep, work or learn properly. Their parents think that they are doing nothing, but this is not absolutely correct. They only thing many young people are interested in is navigating through the net and checking their e-mail boxes. And it is a great problem of the present and future. In general all the problems of the youth are linked with the present rather than with the past or future. At present there are many teenagers, who got used to alcohol and cigarettes. Many young people suffer from drug addiction. Today far more girls become pregnant under the age of 18 and have abortions than several decades ago. According to the statistics every fifth teenager, arrested for criminal actions, is younger than 14 years old. The majority of adults say that it happens because young people don’t know how to spend plenty of free time that they have; that’s why they gather in groups in the streets and create lawlessness. But at the same time today a lot of teenagers practice sports, visit art schools and attend various study groups. There exists a huge gap between these two different parts of our youth. How should we explain this paradox? I'm convinced that we should not blame only young people; first of all we should look at ourselves. The majority of parents think that it is school that has to teach their children everything; such parents almost don’t participate in lives of their children. These children think they are unwanted, they feel despair and consider themselves to be a burden. So, what we can expect from such children? I’m sure that it’s easy to blame the youth in increase of violence, in their amorality and dissoluteness, but have we tried to do anything to change the situation? 6. Education in UK Education in Great Britain and all state schools in Britain are free, and schools provide their pupils with books and equipment for their studies. Nine million children attend 35.000 schools in Britain. Education is compulsory from 5 till 16 years. Parents can choose to send their children to a nursery school or a preschool playgroup to prepare them to the start of compulsory education. Children start primary school at 5 and continue until they are 11. Most children are taught together, boys and girls in the same class. At 11 most pupils go to secondary schools called comprehensive which accept a wide range of children from all backgrounds and religious and ethnic groups. Ninety per cent of secondary schools in England, Scotland and Wales are co-educational. At 16 pupils take a national exam called "G.C.S.E." (General Certificate of Secondary Education) and then they can leave school if they wish. This is the end of compulsory education. Some 16-year-olds continue their studies in the sixth form at school or at a sixth form college. The sixth form prepares pupils for a national exam called "A" level (advanced level) at 18. You need "A" level to enter a university. Other 16-year-olds choose to go to a college of further education to study for more practical (vocational) diplomas relating to the world of work, such as hairdressing, typing or mechanics. Universities and colleges of higher education accept students with "A" levels from Students study for a degree which takes on average three years of full-time study. Most students graduate at 21 or 22 and are given their degree at a special graduation ceremony. статья BBC News - British students turn to ‘American English’ - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18247748
British children are increasingly using American English in their writing, according to a report based on entries to a BBC competition.
Oxford University Press studied around 74,000 entries for Radio 2's 500 Words contest.
Americanisms such as cupcake, garbage truck, trash can, candy, sidewalk and soda were found in many of the entries.
Famous people such as Justin Bieber, Prince William made repeated appearances.
Children's writer Dame Jacqueline Wilson, singer Jessie J and the footballers Lionel Messi and Wayne Rooney also featured prominently.
Books proved to be a big influence on participants. Many stories included mythical creatures such as the basilisk and hippogriff (recently popularised by JK Rowling's Harry Potter books) or JRR Tolkien's orcs.
Technology also had a big influence, with popular words including Google and app (short for application).
So-called "text speak" only featured when the story included an imagined text message, demonstrating that children are aware when it is not appropriate to use it.
Doors, the most used common noun, was included 67,783 times, while the most common names used in the stories were Lucy and Jack.
These results are absolutely fascinating. It's given a truly unique insight into how children think and the language they use. At a microscopic level, children's use of language is robust and imaginative. They know the value of a well-chosen word and the power of an original image.