Degree of change

Adjectives	Adverbs
sharp steep dramatical substantial considerable significant slight marginal	sharp steeply dramatically substantially considerably significantly slightly marginally

Speed of change

Adjectives	Adverbs
rapid quick swift gradual steady slow	rapidly quickly swiftly gradually steadily slowly

Explaining causes

This is a result of.. (e.g. This is a result of bad management.)

This is because of... (e.g. This is because of bad management.)

This is largely due to ... (e.g. This is largely due to bad management.)

... contributed to this. (e.g. Bad management contributed to this. )

Describing results

As a result, we will have ... (e.g. As a result, we will have a drop in sales.)

It could lead to ... (e.g. It could lead to a drop in sales.)

It may result in ... (e.g. It may result in a drop in sales.)

... will be a direct result. (e.g. A drop in sales will be a direct result.)

rise by (2%//1000 units) підвищуватися/зростати на (2%//1000 одиниць)

rise to (2%//1000 units) підвищуватися/зростати до (2%//1000 одиниць)

Examples:

There was a gradual decline in sales. (noun usage)

Sales declined gradually. (verb usage)

Enrollment increased by 4% in 1997.

There was a 4% increase in enrollment in 1997.

Immigration rose to 800,000 in 1999. (to a point/number) Immigration rose by 20,000 in 1999. (by increment) There was a 20% rise in immigration. (percentage)

Taxes remained the same from 2000 to 2001. Taxes continued at 15% for two years.

Sales stood at $1,400,000 in 1998. Profits were $27,000 in 1999. There was a loss of $21,000 in 2001.

Quick Communication Check

1. Presentation Phrases

Look at these presentation phrases and decide whether they:

refer backwards, refer forwards, refer to visuals or deal with interruptions.

1. This graph indicates...

2. As I said earlier, ... 3. This leads me to my next point. 4. Taking this into consideration, ... 5. As this bar chart shows, ... 6. If you don't mind, I'll deal with questions later on. 7. Going back to a point I made earlier, ... 8. Sorry, could I finish first? 9. I'll deal with this point again later. 10. I'll give you some more information on this in a moment.

Refer backwards	2
Refer forwards
Refer to visuals
Deal with interruptions

2. Vocabulary 1

Choose the right variant: a, b, c or d.

1. Which of the verbs below is the opposite of 'top out'?

a. bottom out b. come out c. fall out d. go out

2. Which of the verbs below means 'fall by a large amount'?

a. rocket b. crash c. soar d. level off

3. Which of the verbs below is the opposite of 'improve'?

a. dwindle b. decrease c. drop d. deteriorate

4. Which of the verbs below does not mean 'fall'?

a. level off b. crash c. deteriorate d. plunge

5. Which of the verbs below is a synonym of 'go down'?

a. plunge b. increase c. surge d. soar

6. Which of the verbs below means 'not to change'?

a. soar b. plunge c. rocket d. level off

7. Which of the verbs below is the opposite of 'increase'?

a. rise b. soar c. go up d. tumble

8. Which of the verbs below is a synonym of 'increase'?

a. dwindle b. soar c. fall d. plunge

9. Which of the verbs below means 'fall quickly and without control'?

a. decrease b. dwindle c. surge d. tumble

10. Which of the verbs below means 'increase suddenly and greatly'?

a. dwindle b. crash c. plunge d. surge