Ex. 4. State the function of the Gerund and translate the sentences.

1. Saving energy resources is a key problem in the present-day power engineering.

2. After the Chernobyl APS breakdown specialists are specifically concerned about making nuclear reactors safer.

3. Newton’s having discovered the three most important laws of motion contributed greatly to the further development of physics.

4. Tests have shown that adding five to ten per cent hydrogen to benzene results in considerably greater combustion of benzene increasing engine efficiency by 40 – 45 per cent.

5. We know of Thomas Edison having worked at the improvement of Lodygin's lamp for several years and created a new more economic lamp.

6. Metals are widely used in electrical industry because of their being good conductors of heat and electricity.

7. Heating a semiconductor causes free electrons to appear and it begins conducting electricity.

8. We know of luminiscent lamp giving 4 times as much light as an electric lamp.

9. Lodygin's having produced the first incandescent lamp is a generally recognized fact.

Ex. 5. State the functions of the Infinitives and translate the sentences.

1. To ensure the transfer of energy over long distances electric transmission lines with a tension of 750 and 1150 kw (a.c.) and 1500 kw (d.c.) are being built now.

2. The scientific trend to ensure an abundance of energy on the planet is thermonuclear synthesis.

3. The USSR was the first in the world to develop and test a high-voltage photoelectric battery with a tension of 32 000 volts.

4. Water power was used to drive machinery long before James Watt and Polzunov harnessed steam for this purpose.

5. One of the tasks of the Solid Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences is to investigate optical properties of solids.

6. As economy dictates, hot water or steam from the depths on the Earth has to be utilized at the point where it is produced.

7. To raise the temperature of plasma to over 90 million degrees has become possible on the Tokamak-15 installations.

8. To solve the problem of energy scientists of the world should join their efforts.

Ex. 6. Analyze the sentences with infinitive constructions and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Semiconductor lasers are known to transform electrical energy into light energy with an efficiency up to 100 per cent.

2. The researchers believe laser technology to enable them to obtain high temperature plasma and solve several problems of controlled thermonuclear reactions.

3. The energy potential of the small hydroelectric power stations in the European part of Russia is known to amount to roughly 20 billion kwh.

4. Scientists believe solar power to be quite advantageous even in areas beyond the Polar Circle where the Sun shines round the clock in summer.

5. The first experimental solar power station is known to have been put into operation near Sevastopol just before World War II.

6. The “Japan Times” recently reported Japan government plan to increase the share of nuclear energy in the country’s overall energy balance to 40 % by the year 2000.

7. Specialists consider hydrogen to be an extremely promising fuel source both for the power engineering and automobile industry.

8. The total consumption of energy in the industrialized capitalist countries is expected to double by the end of this century.