- •Perfect Tenses (Active)
- •Perfect Tenses (Passive)
- •Make up word-combinations; mind the prepositions:
- •Answer the following questions:
- •I. Mind your grammar when you speak
- •II. Conversational formulas
- •III. Dialogue
- •IV. Problem solving
- •1. Colleges and Degrees
- •2. Public or Private?
- •3. College, University or Institute?
- •Vocabulary
- •The Gerund (Герундий)
- •Indefinite Active (простая форма)
- •Specific Features of the Gerund and the Verbal Noun
- •6. Make up word-combinations; mind the prepositions:
- •7. Answer the following questions:
- •I. Mind your grammar when you speak
- •II. Conversational formulas
- •Invitations
- •III. Polylogue
- •IV. Problem solving
- •Has an urgent opening for a lawyer assistant
- •Interviewing clients, drafting, reading and assessing papers, discussions with other lawyers, advocacy, legal research and interviewing witnesses.
- •Skills needed for success
- •Personal qualities
- •Vocabulary
- •Complex Object
- •Complex Subject
- •7. Make up word-combinations; mind the prepositions:
- •8. Answer the following questions:
- •I. Mind your grammar when you speak
- •Conversational formulas
- •III. Polylogue
- •IV. Problem solving
- •The United States Court System
- •Selection of judges
- •Types of cases heard
- •The state court system structure
- •Selection of judges
- •Types of cases heard
- •1. Washington, d.C.
- •2. A New Look at Abraham Lincoln's Life, and Death,
- •In Washington
- •3. Secret to Avoiding Summer Crowds in Washington: Wait for Fall
- •Vocabulary
Lesson four
Grammar: 1. Perfect Tenses (Active and Passive). |
2. Functions of the Infinitive. |
Word-building: Affixes -ly, re- |
Reading and Oral Speech Practice: University Education in Britain and the USA. |
Conversational Formulas: Disagreements. |
GRAMMAR
Perfect Tenses (Active)
Утвердительная форма |
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|
We |
have |
translated |
the English text lately. |
He |
has |
translated |
the English text this morning. |
|||
They |
had |
translated |
the English text before the lesson began. |
|||
She |
will have |
translated |
the English text by 6 tomorrow. |
|||
Отри-цатель-ная форма |
|
|
We |
haven’t |
translated |
the English text. |
He |
hasn’t |
translated |
the English text this morning. |
|||
They |
hadn’t |
translated |
the English text before the lesson began. |
|||
She |
won’t have |
translated |
the English text by 6 tomorrow. |
|||
Вопросительная форма |
What |
Have |
we |
|
translated |
the English text? |
Has |
he |
|
translated |
the English text this morning? |
||
Had |
they |
|
translated |
the English text before the lesson began? |
||
Will |
she |
have |
translated |
the English text by 6 tomorrow? |
||
|
We |
have |
translated |
the English text, haven’t we? |
||
They |
have |
translated |
the English text before the lesson began, hadn’t they? |
|||
|
She |
will have |
translated |
the English text by 6 tomorrow, won’t she? |
||
|
Who |
has |
translated |
the English text? |
||
will |
she |
have |
translated |
by 6 tomorrow? |
||
Краткий ответ |
|
|
Yes, we No, we Yes, she No, she |
have. hadn’t. will. won’t. |
|
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Notes: 1. The Present Perfect употребляется для обозначения действия, законченного к настоящему моменту, но связанного с ним (I have read the book. – Я прочитал книгу.). 2. The Present Perfect может употребляется: с наречиями - already, never, ever, often, always, so far, just, yet, lately; обстоятельствами времени - today, this year, this month, this week, tonight, this morning;; с предлогами since, for; в обстоятельственных придаточных времени после союзов - when, after, as soon as, till, until, if, unless, before, as long as. 3. The Past Perfect употребляется для обозначения: а) действия, которое совершилось ранее другого в прошлом (After he had done his work, he went home. – После того, как он сделал работу, он пошел домой.); б) действия, которое завершилось к данному моменту в прошлом (Не had finished writing the letter by 3 o'clock. – Он закончил писать письмо к трем часам.). 4. The Future Perfect употребляется для обозначения: а) действия, которое совершится ранее другого действия в будущем (Before you return I shall have finished this work. – До того, как ты вернешься, я сделаю эту работу.); б) действия, которое совершится к какому-нибудь моменту в будущем (I shall have come by six.). 5. The Present и Past Perfect обычно переводятся на русский язык глаголом в прошедшем времени, как правило, совершенного вида (We have already finished our work. – Мы уже закончили свою работу.). Иногда, в зависимости от контекста, The Present и Past Perfect могут переводиться на русский язык глаголом в прошедшем времени несовершенного вида (I have seen him this evening. – Я видел его сегодня вечером.). Если The Present Perfect употребляется для обозначения действия, которое началось в прошлом, продолжалось до настоящего момента и не закончилось, то в переводе используется глагол в форме настоящего времени (I have lived here for four years. – Я живу здесь четыре года.).