2. 6. Modals.

Rule.

Modal verbs are verbs that go before other verbs. They do not take –s, -es, -ing, or –ed suffix. They can not be used in all tenses, for example can only appears in Present Simple. Modal verbs are always followed by the infinitive.

Can	Must	Have to	Should	Need
Ability E.g. I can swim -Request E.g. Can you help me? -Permission E.g. Can I close the window? Could in the past	Obligation (from inside) E.g. I must do my homework	Obligation (from outside, rule) E.g. doctors have to wear uniforms	Advice E.g. You should see a doctor.	Necessity E.g. I need to go to the supermarket.
Can’t	Mustn’t	Not have to	Shouldn’t	Needn’t
-Inability E.g. I can’t do this	-Forbidden E.g. You mustn’t cross the street on the red light.	-Not necessary E.g. We don’t have to go to work on Sundays.	-Not good thing E.g. You shouldn’t smoke.	-Not necessary E.g. You needn’t leave now.

1. Complete these sentences. Use can or cant + one of these verbs.

find hear see speak

1. I’m sorry, but we ….. can’t come……. to your party next Saturday.

2. She got the job because she …………………………five languages.

3. You are speaking very quietly. I …………………….….. you.

4. Have you seen my bag? I ……………….……….. it.

5. I like this hotel room. You ………….…………….. the mountains from the window.

2. Compete these sentences. Use can’t or couldn't + one of these verbs:

eat go go see understand

1. I was tired but I ……. couldn’t sleep…….. .

2. She spoke very quickly, I …………….………….. her.

3. His eyes are not very good. He …………….………….. very well.

4. I wasn't hungry yesterday …………………….….. my dinner.

5. He ………………….…….. to the concert next Saturday. He's working.

6. He ………………….…….. to the meeting last week. He was ill.

3. What do you say in these situations? Use Can you ... ? Could you .. ?

Can I... ?

1. (You are carrying a lot of things. You want me to open the door for you.)

You say to me: …. Can you open the door, please?

2. (We are having dinner. You want me to pass the salt.)

You say to me: ………………………………………………………………………

3. (You want me to turn off the radio.)

……………………………………………………………………………… .

4. (You want to borrow my pen)

……………………………………………………………………………… .

5. (You are in my house. You want to use my phone.)

……………………………………………………………………………… .

6. (You want me to give you my address)

……………………………………………………………………………… .

4. Compete these sentences. Use must + one of these verbs:

be buy go help hurry learn meet phone read wash win

1. We ……. must go…. to the bank today. We haven’t got any money.

2. I ………………………… much lime.

3. She’s a very interesting person. You ………………………… her.

4. I forgot to phone Dave last night, I ………………………… him.

5. You ………………………… to drive. It’s very useful.

6. This is an excellent book. You ………………………… it.

7. We ………………………… some food We've got nothing for dinner.

8. My hair is dirty. I………………………… it.

9. I ………………………… to the post office. I need some stamps.

10. I have big problem. You ………………………… me.

11. The game tomorrow is very important for us. We ……………………….

12. You can't always have things immediately. You ………………………… patient.

5. Fill in must or had to.

1. I …..had to …. go to the bank yesterday to get some money.

2. The windows are very dirty, I ……………….. clean them.

3. The windows were very dirty yesterday. I ……………….. clean them.

4. I……………….. get up early tomorrow. I've got a lot to do.

5. Come on! We ………………..hurry. We haven't got much time.

6. We arrived home very late last night. We ……………….. wait half an hour for a taxi.

7. These cakes are very nice. You ……………….. have one.

8. Ann came to the party but she didn’t stay very long. She ……………….. leave early.

9. He didn’t know how to use the machine. I ……………….. show him.

10. I was nearly late for my appointment this morning. I……………….. run to get there on time.

6. Compete these sentences. Use mustn’t or needn’t + one of these verbs:

buy be hurry lose stick take tell wait

1. The windows aren't dirty. You …. needn’t clean …them.

2. I must hurry. I ………………………… . late.

3. This letter is very important. You………………………… it.

4. We have lots of time. We ………………………… .

5. We ………………………… an umbrella. It's not going to rain.

6. This is a secret. You ………………………… anybody.

7. You ………………………… a newspaper. You can have mine. 8. I'm not ready yet but you ………………………… for me. You go now and I'll come later.

7. Complete the sentences. Use should + one of these verbs:

clean go read visit wear

1. When you play tennis, you ….should watch… the ball.

2. You look tired. You ………………………… to bed.

3. You ………………………… your teeth after every meal.

4. The city museum is very interesting. You ………………………… it.

5. When you are driving, you ………………………… a seat belt.

6. It's a good book. You ………………………… it.

8. Make sentences with shouldn't ….. so.

1. (you smoke too much)

..You shouldn’t smoke so much.

2. (you work too hard)

You …………………………………………………. .

3. (he eats too much)

He ……………………………………………… much.

4. (she watches TV too often)

She…………………………………………………… .

5. (you talk too much)

You …………………………………………………. .

9. Write sentences with I think … should .. .

1. Your car is very old.

… I think you should buy a new car …..

2. They need a change.

………………………………………………………………………………..

3. He doesn't look well.

………………………………………………………………………………..

4. She's very intelligent.

………………………………………………………………………………..

5. It’s late.

………………………………………………………………………………..

9. Complete these sentences using have to + one of these words.

do read speak travel

1. My eyes are not very good - …. I have to wear …glasses.

2. At the end of the course, all the students ………………………… a test.

3. Mary is studying literature. She …………………………a lot of books.

4. He doesn't understand much English, so I ………………………… very slowly to him.

5. George is not often at home. He ………………………… a lot in his job.

10. Complete the sentences. Use have to or had to + one of these verbs:

answer buy change get go

1. There were no buses yesterday evening. We ... had to walk…. home.

2. I'm going to bed early tonight. I ………………………… up early tomorrow morning.

3. It's late, I ………………………… now, I'll see you tomorrow.

4. I went to the supermarket after work because I ………………………… some food.

5. This train doesn't go to London. You ………………………… at Bristol.

6. We did an exam yesterday. We ………………………… six questions out of ten.

11. Fill in have to or must.

1. It's a fantastic film, you …. must (have to)… see it.

2. In many countries men ………………………… do military service.

3. Sarah is a nurse. Sometimes she ………………………… work at weekends.

4. I didn't have any money with me, so I ………………………… borrow some.

5. You can't park here for nothing. You ………………………… pay.

6. I eat too much chocolate. I really ………………………… stop.

7. In tennis you ………………………… hit the ball over the net.

12. Fill in the gaps with can in the correct form.

1. Sarah is three years old. She ….. can’t…. write.

2. Peter is nineteen. He ………………………… drive a car.

3. Mr Thompson is 70 years old. He ………………………… see very well so he wears glasses.

4. When I was five years old, I ………………………… only count to ten.

5. When Kate was two, she ………………………… read a newspaper.

6. ………………………… you answer the phone, please?

7. It was cold yesterday so we ………………………… go out.

8. I ………………………… walk when I broke my leg.

9. ………………………… I take this pencil, please?

10. ………………………… you sing when you were a small child?

13. Fill in mustn't or needn't.

1. You ...mustn't... play with matches. It's dangerous.

2. You ………………………… talk loudly. The baby is sleeping.

3. I ………………………… go to the bank. I've got some money.

4. We ………………………… stay out late. We have to get up early tomorrow.

5. You ………………………… feed the dog. I’ll do it.

6. I ………………………… forget to buy some milk. There isn't any left.

7. You ………………………… talk during the exam.

8. You ………………………… phone Julia. She's coming here later.

9. You ………………………… take your umbrella. It’s stopped raining.

10. You ………………………… park here. There is “No Parking” sign.

11. You ………………………… come with me. I can go alone.

12. You ………………………… lose the key. I haven’t got another.

13. You ………………………… tell Sonia. It's a secret.

14. You ………………………… buy a paper. You can read mine.

15. You ………………………… go by taxi. I can give you a lift.

14. Read the situations and make sentences with must, mustn’t or needn’t.

1. You want to play football outside, but you live near a busy road. What does your father say? ….You mustn't play near the busy road……

2. You threw a stone and it broke the kitchen win­dow. What does your mother say?

……………………………………………………………………………… .

3. Tomorrow is Sunday. You ask if you must get up early. What does your mother say?

……………………………………………………………………………… .

4. Your father asks if you need help with your pro­ject, but you've finished it. What do you say?

……………………………………………………………………………… .

5. You haven't finished your homework, but you want to go out with your friends. What does your father say?

……………………………………………………………………………… .

15. Underline he correct word.

1. I must / mustn't go to school every day.

2. Can / Cannot I borrow your pen, please?

3. You must / mustn't go out alone at night.

4. I can / can’t show you where the office is. It's next to my house.

5. Can / Must Susan come and play with me ?

6. I can / can't go out tonight. I'm busy.

16. Fill in have to in proper tenses.

1. It's Sunday tomorrow so I ….. won’t have to …. get up early.

2. There's no school tomorrow, so the children ………………………… go to bed early.

3. We went to a restaurant yesterday, so we ………………………… cook.

4. Let's clean up now, so we ………………………… do it tomorrow.

5. It rained yesterday, so I ………………………… water the flowers.

6. Lucy feels better now, so she ………………………… take the medicine.

7. You've got plenty of time. You ………………………… hurry.

8. He………………………… shout or else she can't hear him.

9. It was very cold yesterday so I ………………………… wear a coat.

10. She ………………………… wear glasses or else she can't read.

11. I can't go out tonight. I ………………………… study for my exam.

12. I took the dog for a walk this morning so you………………………… take it out tonight.

13. My car doesn't work, so I ………………………… take the tram.

14. I broke my tooth, so I ………………………… go to the dentist's yesterday.