Module 1. Cinema Self –study

Task 1.1. Below you will find two articles about Swedish movie director and theatre producer Ingmar Bergman. Read through the articles and take notes of the information about I.Bergman’s contribution into the world cinematography.

Consider the following points:

• output;

• concepts;

• styles;

• techniques

Ingmar Bergman (1918- )

Ingmar Bergman is a Swedish movie and theatre director, playwright, screenwriter. Although Bergman is widely known as a film director, he has also become one of the foreground figures of the modern Swedish theatre. Bergman's artistic career includes about a hundred stage performances, forty radio productions, fifty feature films, and fifteen TV productions. In several books, from The Magic Lantern (1987) to Private Conversations (1996) Bergman has explored his childhood, his relationship to his father, and the strained marriage of his parents.

“I want very much to tell, to talk about, the wholeness inside every human being. It’s a strange thing that every human being has a sort of dignity or wholeness in him, and out of that develop relationships to other human beings, tensions, misunderstandings, tenderness, coming in contact, touching and being touched, the cutting off of a contact and what happens then.” (Bergman in John Simon’s book ‘Ingmar Bergman Directs’, 1972)

Ingmar Bergman was born in Uppsala. His father, Erik Bergman, was a Lutheran minister and chaplain to the court of Sweden. Bergman was raised under strict discipline. His mother Karin, née Åkerblom, came from a prosperous family; she was a proud, strong-willed person, and the relationship between his parents became mutually destructive. “Mother, you are my best friend,” Bergman wrote to her years later, as a grown-up man. From his childhood pressures Bergman later drew material for his plays and films. Many of Bergman’'s works have explored the father-god trauma, among them the films Through a Glass Darkly (1961) and Winter Light (1963).

At the age of 10 Bergman received as a toy a laterna magica. He made dolls for his puppet theater and saw in 1935 his first theater production, A Dream Play by August Strindberg. Bergman studied literature and art at the University of Stockholm. After graduation he became a trainee-director at a Stockholm theater. During this period he published a few short stories and wrote a number of plays including Kaspers död (1942) and Jack among the Actors (1946). At the age of twenty-six Bergman became the youngest theatre manager in Europe at the Hälsingborg City Theatre in Sweden. He secured his position through a large number of impressive works on stage, especially classical plays. Bergman was manager of the Helsingborg city theatre (1944-46), director at Gothenburg city theatre (1946-49), at Malmö city theatre (1953-60) and at the Dramaten in Stockholm (1960-66), the last three years as manager.

Bergman made his debut in film in 1944 as a screenwriter to the Alf Sjöberg film Hets (Frenzy). In 1949 he directed the film Fängelse (The Devil’s Wanton). Swedish critics referred to Bergman as “the puberty crisis director” specializing in “delayed adolescence”. The artistic breakthrough came with the film Gycklarnas Afton (1953, Sawdust and Tinsel). In this film Bergman describes an artist’s life as despised and wasted. The background is a third class circus environment. “It is true people often talk about ‘decisive moments,’’ Bergman said once. “Dramatists in particular make much of this fiction. The truth is probably that such moments hardly exist, but just look as if they do... The actual breakthrough is a fact far back in the past, far back in obscurity” (from Private Conversations, 1996).

His first international success was Sommarnattens leende (1955, Smiles of the Summer Night). In the story a country lawyer meets again a touring actress who was once his mistress. He accepts an invitation for him and his young wife to stay at her mother’s country home for a weekend. Wild Strawberries (1957) is considered a landmark film in Bergman’s career. It dealt with the subject of man’s isolation, and like in several films, Bergman used a journey as a plot structure. The Seventh Seal (1957) won prizes at the Cannes Film Festival. It explored the individual’s relationship with God and the idea of Death. In the story, set in the fourteenth century, a knight challenges Death to a game of chess. Over the years Max von Sydow, the knight of the film, came to be identified as Bergman’s on-screen alter ego. However, von Sydow has played also in action films. Bibi Andersson, Harriet Andersson, Ingrid Thulin, and Liv Ullmann became Bergman's favorite actresses and Sven Nykvist his regular cameraman. Ullmann, his muse, later left the island of Farö, where they lived, and gained international stardom. Their daughter Linn became a novelist. In 1971 Bergman married Ingrid von Rosen; they had already had an affair in the late 1950s. Bergman had four previous marriages: with Else Fisher, Ellen Lundström, Gun Grut, and Käbi Laretei. Ingrid von Rosen died of cancer in 1995.

“Film as dream, film as music. No form of art goes beyond ordinary consciousness as film does, straight to pure emotions, deep into the twilight room of the soul. A little twitch in our optic nerve, a shock effect: twenty-four illuminated frames in a second, darkness in between, the optic nerve incapable of registering darkness. At the editing table, when I run the trip of film through, frame by frame, I still feel that dizzy sense of magic of my childhood: in the darkness of the wardrobe, I slowly wind one frame after another, see almost imperceptible changes, wind faster - a movement” (from The Magical Lantern, 1987).

Recurrent themes in Bergman's films are men’s and women’s inability to communicate with each other, metaphysical questions of guilt and the existence of God, and the emotional cruelty of human beings. “For many years, I was on Hitler’s side, delighted by his success and saddened by his defeats,” Bergman has revealed from his youth. Already from his early play Jack among the Actors, Bergman showed his interest in the ambiguous tension between artist and public. Persona (1966) marked Bergman's departure from metaphysics toward the realm of human psychology. At that time Bergman was leaving his post at the Royal Dramatic Theater. He wrote the script in 1965 while hospitalized; withdrawal and illness were also subjects of the film. In his self-analysis and films about tensions between the sexes Bergman has continued the psychological tradition of Strindberg. Among Bergman’s most probing and honest studies of middle-class married couples from the 1970s is Scenes from a Marriage (1974), starring Liv Ullmann, Erland Josephson, Bibi Anderson, and Jan Malmsjö. Originally it was made as six TV episodes, but Bergman later edited it into feature-length.

Despite Bergman’s international status, his films were not always positively received by critics in Sweden. In 1962 the director Bo Widerberg published a pamphlet attacking him for reinforcing national stereotypes and calling for a new and more socially conscious national cinema. On the other hand, Summer with Monika (1953) was attacked in the United States. Its prints were confiscated in Los Angeles, and a judge declared that the film appealed to potential sex murderers. Smiles of the Summer Night was promoted as “a Swedish smorgasbord of sex, sin and psychiatry...” In the 1970s and 1980s feminists criticized Bergman's portrayal of women, although he has been considered among the most sensitive interpreters of the inner world of women in Europe.

In 1976 Bergman was arrested by two policemen and charged with income-tax fraud. He suffered a nervous breakdown, closed his studio on the Baltic island of Fårö, and left Sweden in protest. The charges were later dropped. Bergman made his home in Munich, where he was a director at the Residenztheater. He also made films, such as The Serpent's Egg (1977), which dealt with the collapse of the German currency and other events of the 1920s that paved the way for the Nazis.

Bergman once noted that the cinema was like an exciting mistress to him, but the theatre was his faithful wife. As a film director his greatest international success was the autobiographical Fanny and Alexander (1983), which received the Oscar for best foreign film. Reviews were in general positive, and Bergman was compared to Maz Ophuls, Federico Fellini, and Luchino Visconti. In the film a well-to-do Uppsala family comes together to celebrate Christmas 1907. Statues come to life and the ghosts of the departed mingle freely with the living. Alexander, a 10-year old boy, clashes with ironclad dogma and the icy Bishop Vergerus.

After returning to Sweden, Bergman wrote film scripts for Billie August and Daniel Bergman and directed at the Royal Swedish Theatre. The Swedish Film Institute launched a new Ingmar Bergman prize to be awarded annually. In 1988 Bergman’s autobiography, The Magic Lantern, appeared. It was followed by his film memoir: My Life in Film (1993). Bergman’s novel The Best Intentions (1993) was based on his parents’ lives, and the screenplay for the 1992 film on the same subject. Private Conversations (1996) dealt with the extra-marital affair of Ingmar’s mother, Anna with a student-priest, Thomas.

In October 2001 Bergman announced his plans to make a sequel to Scenes from a Marriage with the 78-year old Erland Josephson and the 62-year old Liv Ullmann who also were members of the original cast in 1973. He wrote the screenplay for Liv Ullmann’s film Faithless (2000) and two years later Bergman had a new television film under way - Saraband (2003), saying it would be his last picture. Bergman shot the chamber piece on digital video. “Saraband may be Bergman’s final primal scream, which his art and craft give the severe majesty of a Bach cello suite,” wrote Richard Corliss in Time (August 29, 2005). Bergman has spent his time on Farö mostly reading and talking with his friends on the phone.