27. Read and translate the following word combinations.

Fused vertebrae, a shoulder girdle, flexible support, to be attached to the trunk, ankle bones, vertebral body and arch, to be connected together by the joints, the oral cavity, cartilaginous disks [‚ka:ti’lædʒinəs], to be joined by a suture, firm connection, to be composed of 12 vertebrae, the upper jaw, the longest bone in the body, to be attached to the diaphragm, organic and inorganic substances.

28. Translate from English into Russian.

1. There are seven ankle bones which resemble the carpal bones of the wrist but are larger. 2. The calcaneus [kæl´keinəs] is the largest tarsal bone and is also called the heel bone. 3. The tibia is commonly called the shin-bone.4. The uppermost part of the sternum articulates on the sides with the clavicle and ribs while the lower, narrower portion of the breastbone is attached to the diaphragm and abdominal muscles. 5. The neural canal is the space between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes. 6. Intervertebral cartilaginous disks help to provide flexibility and cushion most shocks to the vertebral column. 7. The maxillary [mæk´siləri] bones are joined by a suture in the median plane. 8 The connection between the iliac bones and the sacrum is so firm that they are commonly spoken of as one bone: the sacroiliac. 9. The superior part of the ilium is known as the iliac crest. 10. All the higher animals have a backbone or vertebral column and they are therefore called vertebrate animals; the others are called invertebrate animals.

29. Fill in the gaps with suitable words from the Vocabulary list 2.

1. One of the separate segments composing the spinal column is called ... . 2. ... protect and support the organs of the body. 3. You are so thin. You look almost like a ... . 4. “The Jolly Roger” is the emblem on pirates flags, it pictures ... . 5. The ... part of the spine is composed of seven vertebrae. 6. The ... connects the lower extremity with the trunk. 7. The ... is a long bone in the middle of the chest. 8. The brain and ... constitute the central nervous system. 9. The white elastic substance between the vertebrae is called ... .10. The brain is in the ... cavity. 11. All the ribs ... to the vertebral column dorsally.

30. A) Read and translate the text.

b) Find in the text sentences in which Participle II, the Passive Voice are used.

c) Find in the text English equivalents for these word combinations:

• прочная, но гибкая опора,

• различных размеров и форм,

• костная основа (костяк),

• хрупкий мозг,

• несколько более мелких полостей,

• центральная ось тела,

• называемых позвонками,

• содержит спинной мозг,

• в соответствии с областью (частью),

• созданы по общему типу,

• прикрепляется к туловищу,

• таз взрослого человека состоит из.

d) Make up the plan of the text.

The Skeleton

The skeleton of the body is composed of 223 bones of various sizes and shapes which give firm but flexible support to the soft tissues, muscles and organs. They also form cases for protection of viscera or contained structures.

The bony framework of the body includes the bones of the head, the bones of the trunk, the bones of the lower and upper limbs.

The skeleton of the head is the skull. It consists of the cranium, which surrounds the delicate brain, and face. The cranium is formed by eight bones: the frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipital bone in the back, the ethmoid bone behind the nose and the sphenoid bone. The face consists of fourteen bones including the maxilla (upper jaw), mandible (lower jaw) and two zygomatics (cheek-bones). The bones of the skull form one large cavity, called the cranial cavity, and some smaller ones: the oral cavity, the nasal cavity and two orbits holding the eyeballs.

The bones of the trunk include the spinal column, the ribs and the breastbone. The vertebral column forms the central axis of the body. It contains the spinal marrow or spinal cord. The spine consists of 32 – 34 small bones termed the vertebrae. The vertebrae are grouped under the names cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal according to the region in which they lie. The cervical vertebrae, seven in number, are the smallest ones. Twelve thoracic vertebrae have large bodies. Together with 12 pairs of ribs and the breastbone they form the chest (thorax). The lumbar vertebrae, 5 in number, are the strongest and the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. They have oval bodies. The sacrum consists of 5 fused vertebrae. The coccyx is formed by 2 - 5 vertebrae.

The upper and lower limbs are constructed after a common type. Each extremity includes a girdle, which connects it to the trunk. The upper limb is attached to the trunk by the shoulder girdle, which consists of the collar-bone (or clavicle) in front and the shoulder-blade (or scapula) behind. The upper arm has one bone – the humerus; the forearm contains the radius and the elbow bone (or ulna). In the framework of the hand and wrist we have twenty–seven bones: 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals and 14 phalanges. The lower limb is attached to the trunk by the pelvic girdle. The adult pelvis is composed of three pairs of fused bones: the ilium, ischium and pubis. The thigh has only one bone – the femur, the leg includes two bones: the shin-bone (tibia) and fibula; and the foot is subdivided into a tarsus consisting of 7 bones, metatarsus – 5 bones, and phalanges, which are 14 in number.

The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments. The bones consist of organic and inorganic substances.