1. Read the sentences and discuss different ways in which j. Galsworthy refreshes proverbs and sayings by violating phraseological units. What effect is gained by this?

1. He (James) intended to take an opportunity this afternoon of speaking to Irene. A word in time saves nine.

2. «I can just remember her. She's (Irene) a skeleton in the family cup­ board, isn't she? And they are such fun».

«She wasn't much of a skeleton as I remember her», murmured Euphemia, «extremely well covered».

3. After sounding him (Old Jolyon), the fellow pulled a long face as long as your arm, and ordered him to stay in bed and give up smoking.

4. He (Old Jolyon) ought perhaps to have put a spoke in the wheel of their marriage.

5. «Well, you are a thief and a blackguard». – It had been the last straw on a sorely loaded consciousness.

2. Analyse various cases of play on words, indicate how it is created and what effect it adds to the utterance.

1. Most women up London nowadays seem to furnish their rooms with noth­ing but orchids, foreigners and French novels. (0. Wilde)

2. «Someone at the door», he said, blinking.

«Some four, I should say by the sound», said Fili. (A. Tolkien)

3. My mother was wearing her best grey dress and gold brooch and a faint pink flush under each cheek bone. (W. Golding)

4. There is only one brand of tobacco allowed here – «Three nuns». None today, none tomorrow, and none the day after. (Br. Behan)

5. Some writer once said: «How many times you can call yourself a Man de­pends on how many languages you know». (Morning Star)

6. «Have you been seeing any spirits?» inquired the old gentleman. «Or taking any?» – added Bob Allen. (Ch. Dickens)

7. He is as disproportioned in his manners as in his shape. (W. Shakespeare)

8. «Sally», said Mr. Bentley in a voice almost as low as his intentions, «let's go out to the kitchen». (Th. Smith)

9. Mr. Stiggins took his hat and his leave. (Ch. Dickens)

10. «Did you hit a woman with a child?»

«No, Sir, I hit her with a stick». (Ch. Dickens)

3. Analyse the structure and purpose of creating the author's neologisms:

1. Eggstraordinary: Two Canadian geese, brought to Stockholm in the 30s, now have 5000 descendants. (Morning Star)

2. So at nightfall instead of the cily's turbulence

You hear a kind of soothing suburbulence. (O. Nash)

2. She was always sweetly hippoish with her. (A. Huxley)

4. Apparently her self-imposed sentence of (...) goodlistenership had been fully served. (J. Salinger)

5. Be nicer to librarian. Discuss some general things with him when he gets kittenish. (J. Salinger)

6. «To think that I should have lived to be good-morninged by Belladonna Took's son. (J.R.R. Tolkien)

7. The girls could not take off their panama hats because this was not far from the school gates and hatlessness was an offence. (M. Spark)

4. Find out and explain the morphological and phraseological devices:

a) …The mystery, the magic and the dew

Of a tomorrow and a yesterday.

J. Masefield

b) Long she leaned out in her freak dress, keen to burn her wings at life’s candle; while the moths brushed her cheeks on their pilgrimage to the lamp on her dressing table.

J. Galsworthy.

c) Many a taught gale of wind has honest Tom Bowling and I weathered together.

T. Smollet. The Adventures of Roderick Random.

d) Here thou, great Anna! whom three realms obey,

Dost sometimes counsel take – and sometimes tea.

A. Pope

e) I tell you New York is the onliest only.

O’Henry

5. They thanked him, of course, with many bows and sweepings of their hoods and with many an “at your service, O master of the wide wooden halls!”

J.R.R. Tolkien

g) He [the devil] has given you nothing here, you find, but a mouthful of oaths and an empty belly…

O. Goldsmith.

h) Then, what a lot of hallos, howareyous, and whatareyouworkingons, over the drinks, over the meals, between lectures.

D. Lodge

i) One day, when Pooh was walking towards this bridge, he was trying to make up a piece of poetry about fir-cones, because there they were, lying about on each side of him, and he felt singy.

A.A. Milne

j) “Shall I look, too?” said Pooh, who was beginning to feel a little eleven o’clockish.

A.A. Milne

k) “You mean it isn’t ho-ho-ish any more?” said Piglet hopefully. Pooh looked at him admiringly and said that was, what he meant – if you went on humming all the time, because you couldn’t go on saying “Ho-ho!” for ever.

A.A. Milne

l) First the door locked, and then his jaw.

m) There’s nothing punny about bad puns.

n) Bad news travels fast because it has many helping hands.

I. Stone

♦ Check Yourself

TEST 4

A.

1. A rhythmical organization is a(n) ___ characteristics of a phrase.

a) usual b) accepted

c) optional d) desired

2. A cliche is ___.

a) a new coinage b) a nonce-word

c) a commonplace expression d) a newspaper expression

3. «To drop a brick» means ___.

a) to say something indiscreet b) to cause to fall to the ground

c) to make a decision d) to talk ill about smb.

4. ___ is the use of a word in different semantic relations to two adjacent words in the context

a) oxymoron b) zeugma

c) pun d) violation of a phrase

5. Whether the Nymph shall lose her heart or neckless at a Ball... (device)

a) oxymoron b) pun

c) zeugma d) semantically false chains

6. ___ is the use of some grammatical form in a meaning not characteristic of that form.

a) the contraction b) the transposition

c) the composition c) the transmutation

7. Metonymical epithet as a semi-marked structure may be schematically shown as a violation of the ___ norms.

a) coordination b) compression

c) substitution d) subordination

8. «Steel» and «meat» are ___ nouns.

a) object b) matter

c) collective d) abstract

9. When an object noun is used as a personal noun we speak of the ___.

a) metonymy b) synechdoche

c) personification d) metaphor

10. «Oughtn't one to do it more flatly, somehow more real-lifeishly?» (author)

a) O. Nash b) J. Salinger

c) J.R. Tolkien d) A. Huxley

11. «Goodlistenership» is ___.

a) a compound noun

b) the author's neologism

c) a non-patterned homonym

d) a telescopic word

12. «In the room/So ___ to my own». (D. Thomas)

a) close

b) near

c) loud

d) noisy

13. «Colourless green ideas sleep furiously» is defined by ___ as a «semi-marked structure».

a) N. Chomsky b) Ch. Fries

c) G. Leech d) Ch. Hockett

14. «One feels quite ashamed, but what ___ can do» (A. Huxley) (transposition of pronouns).

a) you b) one

c) he d) we

15. «the other trans-beasted passengers» (Huxley's neologism: interpretation)

1. passengers transmitted like beasts

2. passengers transferred to the beasts

3. passengers transported together with beasts

4. passengers turned into beasts

В. Define the means of creating the stylistic connotations of phrases: a) contextual extension b) prolongation c) substitution

1. He intended to take an opportunity of speaking to Irene. A word in time saves nine.

2. ... the fellow pulled a long face as long as your arm.

3. ... he would be at the same loss with me.

4. He ought to have put a spoke in the wheel of their marriage.

5. You know which side the law is buttered.

6. It had been the last straw on a sorely loaded consciousness.

C. Link together

I) the synonymous phrases and free word-combinations:

1. to set the Thames on fire a) to forget and forgive

2. not to wear one's heart in a sleeve b) to be in a suitable atmosphere

3. to be in one's element с) to talk a lot

4. to be quick in the up-take d) to conceal one's feelings

5. to let bygones be bygones e) to understand easily

6. to talk nineteen to the dozen f) to do smth. splendid

II. the nouns and their meanings that sprang due to the transposition:

1. duck a) a clumsy person

2. bear b) a cruel individual

3. donkey с) an imaginary creature

4. shark d) an enigmatic character

5. toad e) a foolish person

6. wolf f) a greedy person

7. sphynx g) a swindler

8. fairy h) a quiet woman

Assessment: 3 x 35 = 105 points

105-90 = A; 80-89 = B; 70-79 = С