Рис. 127 Рис. 128

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HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTS

Задание 1. Составьте устную аннотацию на тему «Исторические объекты архитектуры». Используйте информацию, данную ниже.

Fire tower

A fire lookout tower, fire tower or lookout tower, provides housing and protection for a person known as a "fire lookout" whose duty it is to search for wildfires in the wilderness. The fire lookout tower is a small building, usually located on the summit of a mountain or other high vantage point, in order to maximize the viewing distance and range, known as view shed. From this vantage point the fire lookout can see smoke that may develop, determine the

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location by using a device known as an Osborne Fire Finder, and call fire suppression personnel to the fire.

The typical fire lookout tower consists of a small room, known as a cab located atop a large steel, or wooden tower. However, sometimes natural rock may be used to create a lower platform. In some cases, the terrain makes it possible so there is no need for an additional tower and these are known as ground cabs. Ground cabs are called towers, even if they don't sit on a tower.

Towers gained popularity in the early 1900s, and fires were reported using telephones, carrier pigeons, and heliographs.

Although many fire lookout towers have fallen into disrepair as a result of neglect, abandonment, and declining budgets, some fire service personnel have made an effort to preserve older fire towers, arguing that a good set of human

eyes watching the forest for wildfire can be an effective and cheap fire safety
measure (рис. 130).					И
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Рис. 130

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Kremlin

Kremlin (the original name to the XIV century – the citadel, other

synonyms - chrome, city, strengthening) − the currently accepted name of the city fortifications in ancient Russia, a city surrounded by a fortress wall with battlements and towers. Many cities were located outside the Kremlin wall suburbs, for the defense of which were built more often outworks, in which case the Kremlin called the walled part of the city center. In ancient Rus cities called only those localities in which were built like fortresses (рис. 131, 132).

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и Fortress

Fortress called as a single defensive structure, and complex structures. Typically, this walled area in which the permanent garrison, with plenty of food and weapons to stay in the long siege. Only with the invention of new types of weapons and the use of new tactics of warfare as the main significance of defensive fortresses weakened points.

The former fortifications include earthworks, the ranks of the stockade, which encloses small settlements. Some primitive fortress arranged on the hills, and later before the ramparts appear moats. With the development of military affairs and construction, the fortress changed shape.

Classical fortress consisted of towers (round or square), connected by a fortified wall with loopholes (рис. 133).

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Рис. 133	И
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Barn

such as threshing. The word barn Аis also used to describe buildings used for uses such as a tobacco barnиor dairy barn. Byre is an archaic word for one type of barn meant for keeping cattle.

A barn is an agricultural building primarily located on farms and used for

many purposes, notably for the housing of livestock and storage of crops. In addition, barns may be usedбfor equipment storage, as a covered workplace,

In the U.S.,Сolder barns were built from timbers hewn from trees on the farm and built as a log crib barn or timber frame, although stone barns were sometimes built in areas where stone was a cheaper building material. In the mid to late 19th century in the U.S. barn framing methods began to shift away from traditional timber framing to “truss framed” or “plank framed” buildings. Truss or plank framed barns reduced the number of timbers instead using dimensional lumber for the rafters, joists, and sometimes the trusses. The joints began to become bolted or nailed instead of being mortised and tenoned. The inventor and patentee of the Jennings Barn claimed his design used less lumber, less work, less time, and less cost to build and were durable and provided more room for hay storage. Mechanization on the farm, better transportation infrastructure, and new technology like a hay fork mounted on a track contributed to a need for larger, more open barns, sawmills using steam power could produce smaller pieces of lumber affordably, and machine cut nails were much less expensive than hand-made (wrought) nails. Concrete block began to be used for barns in the early 20th century in the U.S.

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Modern barns are more typically steel buildings. From about 1900 to 1940, many large dairy barns were built in northern USA. These commonly have gambrel or hip roofs to maximize the size of the hay loft above the dairy roof, and have become associated in the popular image of a dairy farm. The barns that were common to the wheatbelt held large numbers of pulling horses such as Clydesdales or Percherons. These large wooden barns, especially when filled with hay, could make spectacular fires that were usually total losses for the farmers. With the advent of balers it became possible to store hay and straw outdoors in stacks surrounded by a plowed fireguard. Many barns in the northern United States are painted barn red with a white trim. One possible reason for this is that ferric oxide, which is used to create red paint, was the cheapest and most readily available chemical for farmers in New England and

nearby areas. Another possible reason is that ferric oxide acts a preservative and so painting a barn with it would help to protect the structure.

often of Quonset huts or of steel walls onДa treatedИwood frame (old telephone or power poles). By the 1960s it was found that cattle receive sufficient shelter from trees or wind fences (usually wooden slabs 20% open).

With the popularity of tractors following World War II many barns were

taken down or replaced with modern Quonset huts made of plywood or

galvanized steel. Beef ranches and dairies began building smaller loftless barns

Grange Barn, Coggeshall, Colchester, England, originally part of the

Cistercian monastery of Coggeshall. Dendrochronologically dated from 1237–
1269, it was restored in the 1980sАby the Coggeshall Grange Barn Trust,
Braintree District Council and Essex County Council (рис. 134–137).
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