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С	АРис. 170
	бRoof

A roof is part of aиbuilding envelope, both the covering on the uppermost

part of a building or shelter which provides protection from the weather, notably rain, but also heat, wind and sunlight; and the framing or structure which supports the covering.

The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the purpose of the building that it covers, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of construction and wider concepts of architectural design and practice and may also be governed by local or national legislation. In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. A verandah may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements. The roof of a garden conservatory, protects plans from cold, wind and rain but admits light.

A roof may also provide additional living space, for example a roof garden (рис. 171).

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Рис.171

Balustrade И

or of lathe-turned form, one of various forms of spindle in woodwork, made of

A baluster − also called spindle or stairДstick − is a moulded shaft, square

this way, they form a balustrade. Individually,Аa baluster shaft may describe the turned form taken by a brassиor silver candlestick, an upright furniture support,

stone or wood and sometimes of metal, standing on a unifying footing, and supporting the coping of a parapetбor the handrail of a staircase. Multiplied in

or the stem of a brass chandelier, etc. (рис. 172). С

Рис. 172

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The earliest examples are those shown in the bas-reliefs representing the Assyrian palaces, where they were employed as window balustrades and apparently had Ionic capitals. As an architectural element the balustrade did not seem to have been known to either the Greeks or the Romans, but baluster forms are familiar in the legs of chairs and tables represented in Roman basreliefs, where the original legs or the models for cast bronze ones were shaped on the lathe, or in Antique marble candelabra, formed as a series of stacked bulbous and disc-shaped elements, both kinds of sources familiar to Quattrocento designers. The application to architecture was a feature of the early Renaissance: late fifteenth-century examples are found in the balconies of palaces at Venice and Verona. These quattrocento balustrades are likely to be following yet-unidentified Gothic precedents; they form balustrades of

colonnettes as an alternative to miniature arcading (рис. 173).
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Рис. 173

Balcony

A balcony is a platform projecting from the wall of a building, supported by columns or console brackets, and enclosed with a balustrade, usually above the ground floor.

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The traditional Maltese balcony is a wooden closed balcony projecting from a wall.

By contrast, a 'Juliet balcony' does not protrude out of the building. It is usually part of an upper floor, with a balustrade only at the front, like a small Loggia. Modern Juliet balconies often involve a metal barrier placed in front of a high window which can be opened.

Juliet balconies are named after Shakespeare's Juliet, who, in traditional stagings of the play Romeo and Juliet, is courted by Romeo while she is on her balcony — though in fact the play itself, as written, makes no mention of a balcony, but only of a window at which Juliet appears. Various types of balcony have been used in depicting this famous scene; however the 'balcony of Juliet' at Villa Capuleti in Verona is not in fact a 'Juliet balcony', as it does indeed protrude from the wall of the villa (see photograph below).

Peter's Basilica at Rome, when the newly elected pope gives his blessing urbi et

orbi after the conclave. Inside churches, balconiesДare sometimes provided for the singers, and in banqueting halls and the like for the musicians.

Sometimes balconies are adapted for ceremonialИpurposes, e.g. that of St.

A unit with a regular balcony will have doors that open up onto a small

patio with railings, a small Patio garden or Skyrise greenery. A French balcony is actually a false balcony, with doors that open to a railing with a view of the courtyard or the surrounding scenery below.

In theatres, the balcony was formerly a stage-box, but the name is now
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usually confined to the part of the auditoriumАabove the dress circle and below
the gallery.	С

One of the most famousбuses of a balcony is in traditional stagings of the

scene that has come to be known as the "balcony scene" in William Shakespeare's tragedy, Romeo and Juliet (though in fact the scene makes no mention of a balcony, but only of a window at which Juliet appears) (рис. 174– 177).

Рис. 174

Рис. 175

Рис. 176

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