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4. Explain the relationship between the following words.

fungus – yeast;

mold – penicillin;

Darvin – evolution;

Lamarck – transformism;

ecosystem – pond;

food chain – detritus pathway.

5. Describe any ecosystem.

6. Translate from Russian into English.

Грибы широко распространены и обитают почти во всех климатических районах. Грибы можно обнаружить в почве, пресной и соленой воде. Распространенность грибов. Благодаря огромному разнообразию и исключительной способности к выживанию в разных климатических условиях грибы распространены повсеместно. Они сохраняют жизнеспособность даже при низкой температуре. Их мало лишь в засушливых и высокогорных районах, где недостаточно влаги и кислорода.

Грибы, обитающие в домах, часто служат причиной круглогодичных аллергических заболеваний. В жилых помещениях грибов особенно много в старой мебельной обивке, комнатных увлажнителях воздуха, на занавесках для душа, сантехнике, в мусорных баках, пищевых отходах, сырых подвалах.

По типу питания грибы делятся на грибы - сапрофитыигрибы - паразиты. По морфологическим признакам все грибы делятся нагрибы дрожжевыеигрибы мицелиальные.Плесень- это расположенные на поверхности питательного субстрата органы размножения разных видов грибов.

TEST 5 (Units 13 – 15).

1. Write synonyms and antonyms to the following words.

Synonym

Antonym

predator

abundant

to emit

strong

sheer

precipitation

to alter

outer

to begin

to influence

quixotic

obvious

2. Make questions out of the words. Then answer them.

  1. extinction / When/ occur / does ?

  2. functions / are / forests / What / the main / of ?

  3. prey / inconspicuous /What / predators / and / features / to render / do /have?

  4. environment / adapted / What / to / of / is / the camel / kind ?

  5. conservation / do / wildlife / include / What / techniques?

  6. extinction / the world / mammals / has / through / How many / lost ?

3. Choose the correct word to complete the text.

contain over lineages referred to threatened to be since natural terrestrial times extinctions disappeared estimated increasingly occur continents to survive history current geological

to represent expected appeared broadleaf located immortal

Species Extinction. A natural – and unnatural – process.

The world is, and always has been, in a state of flux. Over hundreds of millions of years, …………… have broken apart, oceans …………… , mountains formed and worn away. With …………… change come changes in living things: species, populations, and whole …………… disappear, and new ones emerge.

Extinction is therefore a …………… process. According to the fossil record, no species has yet proved …………… ; as few as 2-4% of the species that have ever lived are believed …………… today. The remainder are extinct, the vast majority having …………… long before the arrival of humans.

But the rapid loss of species we are seeing today is …………… by experts to be between 1000 and 10,000 ………….. higher than the “background” or ………….. natural extinction rate (a highly conservative estimate). Unlike the mass extinction events of geological history, the ………….. extinction phenomenon is one for which a single species - ours - appears …………… almost wholly responsible. This is often …………… as “the sixth extinction crisis”, after the five known extinction waves in geological …………… .

The number of species known to be …………… with extinction has topped 16,928. Most threatened species …………… in the tropics, especially on mountains and on islands. Most threatened birds, mammals, and amphibians are …………… in Central and South America; Africa south of the Sahara; and tropical South and Southeast Asia. These realms …………… the tropical and subtropical moist …………… forests that are believed to harbour the majority of the earth’s living ………….. and freshwater species. Therefore, the patterns shown for mammals, birds and amphibians are likely …………… most terrestrial taxonomic groups.

Extinctions are becoming …………… common on continents. While the vast majority of extinctions …………… 1500 AD have occurred on oceanic islands, continental extinctions are now as common as island …………… . Roughly 50% of extinctions …………… the past 20 years occurred on continents.

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