Заключительные задания

Переведите текст. Укажите времена глаголов. Переведите.

Text l At a Library

Today we are going to the speak about reading. We know that some of you come to a library regularly to read, to study, to draw out books for home reading. Others visit it rarely and perhaps there are some who haven't been here at all. What we need is more intensive reading. We cannot overrate the impotent of extra reading. Through reading, a person widens the scope of his knowledge, broadens his outlook upon life. Our library has an exceptionally good stock of books and the library staff is here always at your service to help and guide you in your choice of books. There are many works here that can be helpful in your school studies, and supplement your text - books.

Just glance round you at the great number of volumes filling the shelves. You will find here books of adventure, your old friends, and the books you haven't yet read - historical novels and tales that open up panoramas of the life and history of other countries and of other times, stories and novels of the war and of the Revolution and, of course, the immortal classics. Come in your spare moments, we are waiting for you.

Text II Rubber

Rubber - каучук, резина to stretch - растягивать

to rub - тереть, натирать to retract - сокращаться

Man had known natural rubber long ago. The word «rubber» had come from its use in rubbing out the marks of a pencil.

Nowadays, the word rubber has come to mean not a chemical substance, but a type of material can be stretched readily to at last twice its original length (в два раза больше) and which retracts rather rapidly when the strength is released. Scientists had worked out a process for making it soft enough.

The price of natural rubber had always been high. As early as 1889 a French scientist converted a substance, which he had obtained from natural rubber, into a rubber - like compound from the simplest of hydro - carbons. No doubt, in a certain period of time their production will still have increased. By that time natural rubber will have lost much of its present importance.

The Passive Voice (Страдательный залог)

Информация I:

Английский глагол имеет два залога: действительный (the Active Voice) и страдательный (the Passive Voice).

Глагол в действительном залоге обозначает действие, производимое подлежащим.

We build many new houses every year.

Каждый год мы строим много новых домов.

Глагол в страдательном залоге обозначает действие, которое производится над подлежащим.

Many new houses are built every year. Каждый год строят много новых домов.

Информация II:

Глагол страдательного залога образуется по формуле to be + Participle II, где глагол to be изменяется по лицам, числам и временам, a Participle II остается неизменным.

The street is decorated.

The streets are decorated.

The street was decorated.

The streets were decorated.

The streets have already been decorated.

The street had been decorated before may day.

The streets will be decorated next week.

Страдательный залог в английском языке употребляется чаще, чем в русском, и перево­дится на русский язык глаголом с частицей — сь, - ся или глаголом в неопределенно - личной форме (глагол быть + страдательное причастие).

Omsk was founded in 1716. Омск основан в 1716 году.

This museum is often visited by tourists.

Музей часто посещается туристами.

This building was being built for 5 years.

Это здание строилось в течениe пяти лет.

Дополнение выражается именем существительным с предлогами by или with.

The districts of the city are connected by metro.

This letter was written with the pencil

The house will be built by young workers.

Информация III:

Образование страдательного залога во временах группы Indefinite (на примере to decorate)

Present	Past	Future
I am decorated You (we, they) are decorated He (she) is decorated	I (he, she, it) was decorated You (we, they) were decorated	I (we) shall be decorated He(she, you, they) will be deco­rated

Вопросительная форма страдательного залога образуется постановкой первого вспомога­тельного глагола перед подлежащим.

Present	Past	Future
Am I decorated Are you (we, they) decorated Is he (she, it) decorated	Was I (he, she, it) decorated Were you (they, we) decorated	Shall I (we) be decorated Will he (she, you, they, it) be decorated

Отрицательная форма страдательного залога образуется при помощи частицы -not, кото­рая ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола.

Present	Past	Future
I am not decorated You (we, they) are not decorated He (she, it) is not decorated	I (he, she, it) was not decorated You (we, they) were not deco­rated	I (we) shall not be decorated He (she, they, you, it) will not be decorated

1. Проспрягайте следующие глаголы в Indefinite Passive согласно таблице:

to ask, to tell, to visit, to include, to keep

П. Переведите предложения в страдательном залоге.

1. The city is situated on the banks of the river.

2. Many famous people were excjled there.

3. The plant will be built next year.

4. He was kept in fortress for 2 years.

5. The shops are colourfully decorated.

III. В следующих предложениях поставьте глагол в скобках в нужном числе, лице, времени.

1. Mass demonstrations (to be held) on Red Square every year.

2. Many good products (to be produced) last month.

3. He (to be visited) by his friends.

4. Her name (to be mentioned) in future.

5. The newspaper (to be printed) many years ago.

IV. Поставьте сказуемое в страдательный залог.

1. Our komsomol leader will arrange the meeting tomorrow.

2. Different buses connect the districts of the city.

3. I read this newspaper yesterday.

4. We associate the names of Lenin and Marx with the revolution.

V. Переведите следующий текст с глаголом в страдательном залоге во временах группы Indefi­nite.

The cities are usually built on the banks of the rivers or lakes. But this city was built far from river. Great deposits of coal were founded and plants and blocks of flats for workers were constructed there. The specialists were invited to do this work. The name of the city is associated with the place it was founded on. Even now the products of the city's plants are mentioned all over the country. I think the city will be much spoken about.

Информация IV:

Образование страдательного залога во временах группы Continuous (на примере глагола to ask)

Present	Past
I am being asked You (we, they) are being asked He (she, it) is being asked	I (he, she) was being asked You (we, they) were being asked

Вопросительная форма образуется постановкой первого вспомогательного глагола пред подлежащим.

Present	Past
Am I being asked Are you (we, they) being asked Is she (he, it) being asked	Was I (she, he, it) being asked Were you (they, we) being asked

Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после перво­го вспомогательного глагола.

Present	Past
I am not being asked You (we, they) are not being asked He (she, it) is not being asked	I (he, she) was not being asked You (we, they) were not being asked

I. Проспрягайте следующие глаголы в Continuous Passive:

to translate, to visit, to mention, to tell.

П. Переведите предложения со сказуемым в Continuous Passive.

1. A new district is being built in this city.

2. Dostojevsky was being kept in prison from 1876 to 1880.

3. I am being examined now.

4. While we were being driven by bus, some tourists took photos.

5. You are being waited for near station.

III. В следующих предложениях поставьте глагол в скобках в соответствующем времени в Con­tinuous Passive.

1. They (to be shown) a new palace now. 2. He (to be asked) the whole day yesterday. 3. The ma­terial (to be explained) to the students now. 4. The text (to be translated) during 3 hours yesterday. 5. Some new methods of teaching (to be discussed) now at the conference.

IV. Переведите пары предложений, обратите внимание на залог сказуемого.

1. The text is being translated now. I am translating the text now.

2. They were being asked during 2 hours yesterday. Professor Novikov was asking them during 2 hours yesterday.

3. New houses are being built in our town. We are building new houses in our town.

4. The book was being read the whole day yesterday. She was reading the book the whole day yesterday.

5. I am being visited by my friend now. My friends are visiting me now.

Информация 5:

Образование страдательного залога во временах группы Perfect (на примере глагола to tell)

Present	Past	Future
I (you, we, they) have been told He (she, it) has been told	I (you, we, they, he, she, it) had been told	I (we) shall have been told He (she, it, you, they) will have been told

Вопросительная форма образуется постановкой первого вспомогательного глагола перед подлежащим.

Present	Past	Future
Have I (you, we, they) been told Has he (she, it) been told	Had I (we, they, you, she, it) been told	Shall I (we) have been told Will he (she, you, it, they) been told

Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после перво­го вспомогательного глагола.

Present	Past	Future
I (you, we, they) have not been told He (she, it) has not been told	I (we, they, you, he, she, it) had not been told	I (we) shall not have been told He (she, they, you, it) will not have been told

I. Проспрягайте следующие глаголы в Perfect Passive:

to examine, to train, to ask, to print.

П. Переведите предложение со сказуемым в Perfect Passive.

1. The city has been rapidly built. 2. Some new atomic power stations have been built up in the Soviet Union. 3. A new cinema hall will have been opened by the 1-st of May. 4. A lot of new ma­chines had been produced by the end of the year. 5. It has been proved that atomic energy may be used in different spheres of life.

III. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму в Perfect Passive.

1. The work (to have been completed) by the time you return.

2. When I came to the office the article (to have been printed).

3. He (to have been mentioned) in our conversation.

4. I (to have been told) that he is a good worker.

5. The banks of the river (to have been connected) with bridges.

IV. Поставьте сказуемое в страдательном залоге. Переведите.

1. The teacher has examined him. 2. My friend had trained me on physics, before I entered the Institute. 3. By the end jf the year we shall have carried out the project. 4. We have told them to come in time. 5. The teacher had asked her to make a report.

Информация 6:

В английском языке употребление страдательного залога имеет некоторые особенности (по сравнению с русским языком).

Следующие английские глаголы употребляются в страдательном залоге и требуют после себя прямое дополнение.

to allow/ to permit - разрешать, to award - присуждать

to ask - спрашивать, просить, to pay - платить

to deny - отрицать, to promise - обещать,

to forgive - прощать, to refuse - отказывать,

to give - давать, to show - показывать,

to invite - приглашать, to tell — велеть, говорить,

to offer - предлагать, to teach - учить,

to order/ to command - приказывать.

Предложения с глаголом - сказуемым такого типа переводятся на русский язык следую­щим образом:

1. неопределенно - личным предложением, если отсутствует дополнение с предлогами -by, - with. Подлежащее английского предложения соответствует косвенному дополнению в да­тельном падеже в русском предложении.

Не was invited to the conference. Его пригласили на конференцию.

The students will be taught physics next year. В будущем году студентам будут преподавать физику.

The books have been already payed. Книги уже оплатили.

I am allowed to attend his lectures. Мне разрешают посещать его лекции.

They were asked to stay after classes. Их просили остаться после занятий.

2. личным предложением с глаголом - сказуемым в действительном залоге, если имеется дополнение с предлогом - by. При переводе дополнение с предлогом - by - соответствует под­лежащему русского предложения, а подлежащее английского предложения соответствует в русском предложении косвенному дополнению в дательном падеже.

Не was told by the teacher to go to the blackboard. Учитель сказал ему пойти к доске.

I am often invited by them to the conference. Они часто приглашают меня на конференции.

They will be awarded by the administration. Руководство наградит их.

Обратите внимание на употребление английских глаголов с предлогом в страдательном залоге.

to look at - смотреть на, to wait for - ждать

to send for - посылать за, to laugh at - смеяться над

to speak to - говорить с.

Предложения с такими глаголами соответствуют русским неопределенно - личным пред­ложениям или личным со сказуемым в действительном залоге. Перевод начинается с предлога, относя его к подлежащему.

The doctor was sent for. За доктором послали.

I am waited for by my friends. Мои друзья ждут меня.

Не has been already spoken to. С ним уже поговорили.

Children are often laughted at by adults. Взрослые часто смеются над детьми.

These articles were much spoken about. Об этих статьях много говорили.

В английском языке некоторым (переходным) глаголам без предлога в страдательном за­логе соответствуют русские (непереходные) глаголы с предлогами. На русский язык они пере­водятся вышеуказанным способом.

to attend - присутствовать на, to join - вступать в, присоединяться к,

to follow - следовать за, to affect - влиять на,

to answer - отвечать на, to influence - влиять на.

Не is influenced by his friends. На него влияют его друзья. (Его друзья влияют на него.)

These questions were answered by a well - know scientist. На эти вопросы отвечал известный ученый. (Известный ученый отвечал на эти вопросы.)

His work has been greatly affected. На его работу оказали сильное давление.

The meeting will be attended by many students. На встрече будет присутствовать много сту­дентов. (Много студентов будет присутствовать на встрече.).

Если в английском предложении в страдательном залоге в качестве формального подле­жащего выступает it, то такое предложение переводится на русский язык неопределенно - лич­ным.

it is said - говорят, что, it has been known – известно, что,

it is thought - думают, что, it was believed – полагали, что,

it will be reported - сообщат, что.

It is said that the theater has been already opened. Говорят, что театр уже открыли.

It has long been knowuthat cities are built on the banks of the rivers. Давно известно, что города строят по берегам рек.

It is thought that demonstration will be held in the center. Думают, что демонстрация будет проходит в центре.

It was believed that he had been told about this. Полагали, что ему сообщили об этом.

I. Переведите на русский язык.

1. Good specialists are trained at our Institute.

2. A scholarship was got by a large number of students.

3. A lecture on chemistry will be delivered by professor Petrov.

4. English classes are given twice a week.

5. It is known that lectures on higher mathematics are attended by all students.

6. It was reported that experiments had been made successfully.

7. The research was being done by a group of scientists.

8. It is believed that the laboratory will be equipped up-to-date tools and instruments.

9. Tests and experiments are taken twice a year.

П. Переведите вторую часть предложений, употребив сказуемое в страдательном залоге:

It is said that... новый город будет построен на берегу реки .

It is known that ... многие революционеры были сосланы в Сибирь.

It is believed that ... это месторождение уже открыто.

It is thought that ... за мир борются сейчас во всем мире.

It was reported that ... экспедиция уже высадилась в этом районе.

III. Перестройте следующие предложения, поставив глагол в страдательный залог.

Модель: This plant produces different products for our industry.

Different products for our industry are produced by this plant.

1. The bus number one connects these two districts.

2. They usually decorate the Institute hall before holidays.

3. We are building a lot of new towns in Siberia.

4. They kept him in prison for 4 years.

5. Peter I sent soldiers to Siberia.

6. They renamed this town many years ago

7. We listened to her with great attention.

8. I shall look through these magazines in an hour.

9. He will prepare for the lectures.

IV. Поставьте предложение с глагол в страдательном залоге в вопросительную форму.

1. Не was advised to work hard.

2. Various specialists are trained at our Institute.

3. The two banks of the river are connected with the bridges.

4. Good marks will be got by the students.

5. A lot of new subjects were taught last term.

V. Переведите предложения, поставив сказуемое в соответствующем лице, числе и времени страдательного залога.

1. Собрание будет проводиться завтра (to hold).

2. Улицы уже украсили к празднику (to decorate).

3. Вчера ее посетила группа товарищей (to visit).

4. Железные дороги связывают различные города (to connect).

5. За ним уже послали (to send for).

VI. Переведите тексты - ситуации, обратите внимание на сказуемое в страдательном залоге.

1. I was invited to take part in conference. When I came the report had been already made. Then some points were being discussed. It was noted that some methods had been ap­plied and they gave good results.

2. A new plant is being built in this region. The construction will have been fulfilled by the end of the year. It is reported that the products of this plant will be of great importance for our industry.

3. She is always offered an interesting work. Now a new English novel is being translated by her. It is thought that the translated book will be read by everybody.

4. My friend was sent to Moscow. As there was no room at the hotel, he was given lodg­ings in a private house. He didn't know the street and he was given details of how to get there.

5. We were given all instructions of how to get to the river. On the bank of the river the camp was made, the fire was list and supper was being prepared.

6. The text has been translated. It is noted some rough mistakes have been made. These mistakes have been corrected and analyzed by our teacher.

Список неправильных глаголов

Инфинитив	Past Ind.	Причастие II	Перевод
to be	was (were)	been	быть, находиться
to become	became	become	быть, становиться
to build	built	built	строить
to bring	brought	brought	приносить
to break	broke	broken	ломать
to come	came	come	приходить
to do	did	done	делать
to find	found	found	находить
to forgive	forgave	forgiven	прощать
to get	got	got	получать
to give	gave	given	давать
logo	went	gone	ходить, ехать
to have	had	had	иметь
to hold	held	held	держать
to keep	kept	kept	держать, хранить
to know	knew	known	знать
to leave	left	left	оставлять, покидать
to learn	learnt	learned	учиться
to lose	lost	lost	терять
to make	made	made	делать
to meet	met	met	встречать
to put	put	put	класть
to read	read	read	читать
to ring	rang	rung	звонить
to say	said	said	сказать
to see	saw	seen	видеть
to send	sent	sent	посылать
to speak	spoke	spoken	говорить
to take	took	taken	брать
to tell	told	told	сказать
to teach	taught	taught	учить
to think	thought	thought	думать
to write	wrote	written	писать

25