Том 3

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' " = 8 $> > A& " ? ## & " &*" # $ - ?# & / " " & @ % C 70—100 . ' $ — 7—10 C . % 71 C# ( &@ # C$$> C# ) 48 & @ " A C !# # >8#,2/3 # ## " > " " & # 8 ? & 20 8& & " = > # " % % C A& " ? # [1]. D # &*- " " #/-C#C 8 E# * $?& 8 C $?# & , $?& @= C 8 & " A& A C##, — # >, " C 8 , ! 8 " C % /" . < & C " E * % A& " ?- # 8 &> " & > $, $# "* & C# " 8# %%- # , $% & @= $" # * $#8 &* @ " &@?> "& > "#- " 8, " " =# #% 8 " A& 8 , @=# " $8 8# ($#8 , " C $ $# # ) # ?& @=# "& ?>8# % #8- >8# " % 8#, — % [2].

/ "#" 8 / & " " ?= " #" # A& A C## $ - " & ##, C# , $ " / " . D#" 8 / #$ « %» & " "$" * " " & > $ C# (" >). & 8 8- " ?*@ "#" 8 #" # A& A C## C# ? & *" &@- ? A& " # C# , #" # " & / 8 = " #" "# $& 8 « # » ($#8 , # — A& " # 8 = " *@ 12 ' ).

$#8#% # " > % $% " = " $>"# * " * A& " ? # $?# & /, " #%# # % #"#8 " * " # <, " " > $# " # > ? , $" * $>E 8 8 @ [1]. D& &* , % " # " A&- A C##, $@ *, * $# & 88 $# 8 #- . 8 *E " $# $ $8 <, "$8> $ - 8# A C##, . . $>"# " A C A!! # " * A& A C #- " C # A& # " C 8$& " C# . < & C 8 & " ? %- >8 * $ / A& #!# ## " A C !# # > C# " >" / $& " *@ " & # .

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1.+ (. . D C# A& A C # # # " C# A& # # ""##XXI // ' " # A& A C # . 2012. ƒ3. D. 18—29.

2.+ (. . & ""# # " # % . ?= # $# & & C#

//\ & C# " # #""& # . '>$. 31. 8" : 8. C ". - — \ "#" 8- > #""& #/, 2006.

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" >8# ! 8#, @=#8# >? " / C #% ##, >$& @= / # " ?"& # # # 8 A& # " # #C- & / $8>E& > $ $# # , & @ " :

–" >$& 8 / ? >;

–" 8 " * >$& # ? #8> ? ;

–" ?"& # # ;

–!# " " ?#&* " *;

–"& C#;

–E# $" & > $ # $& C 8> "& C;

–?% " * "$& # $" =# "& C $8>E& C $ - $# # .

' D‡ 2011 C. " >8 # # 8, @=#8 >? $" =#-"& C & 8 &> , " # # $> $8>E& > $ $# #/, - & & "* " >$& 8 / ? > ( " 8 24 %). D 8>8# "& ? @=#8# ! 8# " ?% " * "$& # $" =# "& C ( " 8 8 % 2011 C.) # E# $" & > $ # $& C- 8> "& C ( " 8 6 % 2011 C.) [1].

8 8 A& # " # #C & / 8 C# $8>E& > $ $# # D‡ $# @ % 8 >E E# #% " #C & / > . " ? A &* & 8 &> $ $# #/, :

– " " & > #C & / 8 & # >/ #% # " $"" $#% " ;

–" & " " @ #C & ?>" / % 8 >;

–$# " = " & ## 8 #C & / " " %8 " * $& # " # " %# " # # >8# % % 8# 8 .

" / "#" 8 / # " C ?"& # # # 8 A&- ? # $8>E& > $ $# # ""#/" / Y ## & " "#" 8 $&-$ $# &* C 8 , # " 1990- C 8 C# $> $8>E& > $ $# # $, & " # " & C A& ? # , C ?"& # # # - 8 $ # " 8 " " #@ # !# 8 >/ 8 .

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1. Marks J.M., Emerson M. The state of the EASA Industry Second Edition // Electrical Apparatus Service Association, Inc. 1331 Baur Blvd., St. Louis, MO 2006.

112

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""8 # 8 " /" $& > # # C !# C % # 88 &*-?> > % /" , & > " 2009 C. " " #& 39 %, " " / ?& " # — 24,8 %. ?" &@ >/ 8 "#- 8 8 $?& # 8 = " # " " / A C "#" 8> #&" " 12 846 ' 2000 C. 17 216 2010 C. ($# " 34 %). < % >8 $ - C % 8 # " , " A&$?& # " " 8 C# 2020 C. " " # 2,7—3,4 % C . ' $ ?>& " & , 8 > $ " # #@ $# ? " 3 % E & , 8 " # &*" > C # @=# 8 = " / [1, 2]. & A # & / %8 " * "$# &* " /" ("8. #". 1), %$" A C#@ 8 # .

< 8 $# $? % " $" , $"E# $" C (‡< ) # % 8 & > ? #. < 8#8 " # 8 & > ? # 8 C % *" C# #"- # $" C , $#8 C # " & > ? /. < " $# $?- % " $* $8 # $"

E# ‡1 ? E# ‡2.

E# ‡1 $" $# , "- ?#%# $ 8$ # " , / 8 ?> * $&@ " #- &* A& ? # . E# ‡2 $# # " " ?#- %# @ " . < &@ &* <1 $# C % #8 $# # " # # 8 >/ #8.

' " $# & A C## / " 8 $& C " #"$&*%- * " #-#"& > 8 & >. C #"$&*% *" C#$# A C##, $#8 $8 # " # , 8 # #, C# #$> 8 & > ? /.

< &@ # "#" 8 #" # % ? & 8 / A C## $% " # * " > A&$?& # , &* > "& " #%# * $# # $?& # , 8 *E# " $8 " # / " #.

0 +

1.The role of energy storage for mini-grid stabilization — International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power System Program, 2011.

2.+ .. $& # A&$?& # 8. F ? > # " # " " // " # A& # #. 2006. ƒ3(39).

113

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F # &* & "#& / C % # > 8$& " $# # "#C , > & @ " /E / " *@ C $" , - = C " 8 A& " ? # . ? #8 $#&* "" # > * C % A # $?# & /, " C#8# "#& >8# C % 8# ? $& * $8 > # !#C #@ "#" 8> A&- " ? # . "#" 8 $% & 8 # " C # C #" # C $& # C& >8 $& # 8 > # D'“-"#C & " "8# " # $$. ' " #"$& # &* > #C- & / $# = # « %#8 » ( F) # « C & 8 " » ( ) #"$&*%- @ " "# > #C " % 8 >8 8. < F #C- &*, , 8 % # # " " # " # ?Š # > 8->/ 8 &*. < # « C& 8 " » " " # #% #C & ,# 8 #%8 « #-C / ».

% $# #$ ? > "& , " = # & #C & " " " # = # $& " , $# 8 A % " * %- " " " 8 8 8 C % #.

& 8 # " #" # $" & " # % #- "#8 " # " &* # , "& &* , # 8 # " @ - #" # , " >8# $= # 8# 8 > %# * ! #@ " &* # :

		2		,	(1)
		S / S	S / S

C — # # " #/ 8 8 #C & ($# C> #C &* "- " ); S — # # " " &* # . & $" # $= / 8 # " / #" # # "# C #C & " #8 * & > > A C #C & . ' # # # # C # > " " # % #" % # 8 # " / #" # #, $" / $ (1),# "$" ? C # $# # " > $? % & ," > "#" 8> C # .

' % &* " # >? ? #8 C #$ #C & ! 8#- " A& # " C % $" . C % #C #% - /E# & / ! 8# ## ? = / " 8> A& " ? # - C 8$& " .

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1.!" & .1. " > A&$# . .: % &*" #/ 8 ,

2007.

2.)! .'., ! (. . D$# $ A& # " #8 8 E# 8. ' 2 . .: C 8#% , 1988.

114

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'>? A!! # > $# > #" # A C##, > & > % 8 # * #"$8> $# > " "> C # " C $ , &- " $# #$# &* >8 $" 8 $" # # % # # A C # " / "#- " 8> ? = C . < #8 # % ? & 8> #" # A C## & A& " ? # " > $?# & / $> $8>E- & > $ $# # $% & ?> " = " $>"# * A C A!!- # " * # " #%# * % #"#8 " * $ $# # A C "#" 8>.

>? # #" # "*8 C # . " & A C# , A C# , C 8 &* A C# , $# A C# #, %8 , 8 . ' , $ " = " , # "* >? .

' ? /E# 30—40 & " * % 8 "" # > * &* " &- @ A C#@. #? & "$ & " C % # # A!- ! # > # "$" ? > & C#/ # A C # " # "#" 8.

?Š # # " & / A C## # $% & % # &* / "$# "& ?# * " * % > " # " & / A C##, $ = C # # @=# E# $#8 # — $" " 8 # (" > , " % > # $C > & ? # ) # "# &* >" $& " * " & C A C # " C $, 8 " =- " *# " % #"#8 " # E# > 8 " $" # F 8- [1].

8 8 #"$8 " * " & / A C##, C 8 > " 8- 8 > " , 8 C % $" =# $C %# 8> $? " # & " A C##, A & C# " #" " " & @ A C # #% $> 8 " % ? & 8> #"- # A C##.

€&*E# %8 " # # # "#" 8 $ "- #@ " " # / A& # " 8 & "$" ?" @ >- # #@ # ? & " 8 @=# " C % , > & " & / # / A C##. $% & #"$&*% * A C " ">, 8 "#8 &*-$# > C# &* >8 " ? " 8, ? & C#? " * % > # % > #" # # A C##, " ? & & > 8 " # ?Š (" > # #/, C > $" & #/, ! 8 " # % /" , " # .$.).

0 +

1. Ken Zweibel, James Mason, Vasilis Fthenakis. Scientific American. 2008.

115

. . " , .; . . . ? * ' *% " , . . ., . ( 8 *. . 83 3= " , '. * 3)

# C " # A& ? # — #% > % A "$& ##. ' " = 8 % # &* & >" &* C A& ?- # , A "$& # 8 C C > $" # A& #!# #-

> & % > C % " , #8 ? &*E / " A "$& ##.

C > $" # $# 8 110—220 ' A "$& ## " ? & 172 . C > "! 8 , #% # % 2001—2007 CC. % 8 " C 2 , > ? A "$& # >/ " " ? & 67. "8 " #" # >" A "$& # C " * A&- ? # , "& &* , # "#" 8 A& " ? # ? "$#- " ?& C C & 8 &@ " $8 =*@ >"$#% # &* > "#" 8 ? % # ! " / # # [1].

$& #%# >/ &* # E# $#8 # ?& C A 8# " #, # " &* " # # " " # % &* #%8 #C > $" # # / " # A& #!# # > - & % > C « % " 8• ’ &>».

$& #%# >/ &* >" &* C A& ? # , " " # "#& C "! 8 , & " 8 8 # C " # #, ? "- $# @=#8 " # # >8# 8 8# (#%8 # #% & #- > #" # , & " C , 8 C !# " C % " " C % 8 "& # C# ) $& # $& # &* / # ! 8 ## " " ## ?Š .

D # % # " # # ? %$" " # ? > C > $" ## " = # " 8 >8# " " 8# & , " 8 , ,$ /" # 8 >" # $8> C % # % # &* > $ - > "$# & #/ " # # %8 8 " >/ $C A&- 8 ? # , >/ 8 $# " # #" #@, % C #@ #$& & #@.

% # ! $% & $# " * # $ - = * ? & "& > #/, 8 " 8>8 " # $# #@ A!- ! # > 8 $ $& #@ " "& ?> A& ? # - C > $" # .

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1. Krull. S. &* A& # " # " " $8 =*@ # ! " / 8 C !## // ’ . 2005. ƒ1.

116

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$& " — # #% " > # 8 &&$##. %C & # C > $& " & " A C 8 #8 $#% " 8/ 8 && C## # % # &* / "$# $& #- A 8# " # $% 8 && C# " C $ $# # . < % / $# # & E # " # $>E # A!! # " # $"" C- / $# $& " — $?& 8 # &* [1].

% &* > & C# " # E #/ & % > % * "- C 8$& " % #8 $# # > $ $% & 8 " $& ", $ - #% # &* " # C C # . [2]. ? #8> % " $ ($> % "& ? # # $ "& ?# C , C "& ? ,# #" $ $& "), $# # # ? > # 8 , ?- = 8 # ?Š # @= 8 $% &@ ( # #@) ? > [3]. !! #- " * E # % , ""8 # @=# " / $ & 8, $ ->E A!! # " # E # % &* > % * .

' " %# " A #8 >? # # $#8#% ## % * " C $, " % # 8 8 # " # 8 & / % #8 " % / & C# " # # A- 8# " # $% & / ? > % * #8 @ # $#- " % # [4]. % ? # " # " # # & C#- " # E #/ ?& " # C / $# $& " # # # $#%- " & @ " &* / % /.

% > $? #/ A 8 $%> , A 8#- " % &* # " * A&$?& # E#$& " > " C / $# 8 ?> * & E .

#8 ? % 8, " = 8 A&$?& # E#$ - & " > " C / $# & " &* / 8 / # " &* /E 8 " " 8 A "$#8 &*-# " 8 #""& ##.

0 +

1.! . . E# > # C C > 8 && C# " # % . .: &- & C# , 1988.

2.! . . # $&* / $#. .: && C# , 1980.

3.! . . # $#. .: && C# , 1982.

4. * 8 = " # #C & / C& > $# $> " / '.Y. €* # . .: && C#% , 1962.

117

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'" = 8 E # $?& 8> A C A!! # " # # - " # A& " ? # $?# & / — # #% $# # #- &* / $ # # ""##.

# " " " # $& # > " &*" # " / $& @ - & # &* ( % 8* 59 % ' 0,38 ' # 42 % ' 6—10 ' #8 @ #% " & 100 %). < " * " / ' 6—10 ' % # &*-? &*E $#8 &* / > 8—12 8 (? & 25 8 — 13,3 %, ? & 50 8 — 2,2 %). ' = ? &*E / "$# A "# " " 8 0,4 ' (-— 380/220 '). < A 8 " * " &*" % /" > $?#- & / " " & " C 70—100 $> A& " ? ## C ( % # > " — " C 7—10 /C ), 35 % " &*" % /" > $ - ?# & / ? "$# @ " $# 8, $@=#8 $ 8 190 (170)—200 ', "#88 # $ ! % 8 " 0,4 ' # 50 % (A>" / #/ " # ? > 8 & # "# > #C & / " &*" # # & > $" & #/).

'" ? & $"$# / " # " $# "$& > A C- # " # "#" 8, . . $" # % #"#8> % > " / C # @=# 8 = " / & > ? # A& A C## $" "- / ?% " # & &* > $?# & / " 8 # "$#!# " # %$ - " $ ?Š 8 8 # $!#&@ $?& # . "$& / C ## - " ?Š >, & @=# "$" # "& @=# $#% :

– "$& > $" " / ?% " # $?# & /;

– > ? > @=# A& A C#@/$& / & ?Š 8 , ?- #8> # " > & > $?# & / #$% 8 =- " / 1 ' 25 ' .

'A # "& # " # &*" 8 &> A& " #/ ( " %- ? & 8> #" # A C##), # $> , " # > ? % # &* > # " # #/ # &* > " # $ - 8 " #, %> " ? & &* >8 # >C >8, $% & " =- " " # * ?Š 8 $&* > $# & & #/ # " # % , " #%# * # " # # >/ #" , 8 *E# * " # % # #" #/ A "$& #@.

" # 8 # *, > % ? & 8> # > A C##" C " A C##, $& 8 / % " #"$&*% # #"$8 C $ , # $# " # " # E & / A C##. D C , # C , ? #8 ? & # % # * A C- # ? % # # > % ? & 8> #" # A C##.

118

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# # >8# " 8# & > ? # # " C " & - & @ " > " & > $# ('D<), > ?& @ 8 "- = " > " : >" A C ‘8 " *, #% # < $"" $#% " " & # &* $#% # &* " *, 8 & &* " * 8$##.

""8 # & "* 'D< $ > ? " C " & , ? @= $ # # / $& / " 8 . &* >/ " $ & E# - > $ " 8 " " & b. = 280 C . . 1 " & . >/ $% &* & " % # &* >8 " 8 8 "E ? $#% " - " C " & . < A 8 % ? $# #$# &* > " "- # " " = / $?& 8 /.

# #% $ E #@ $? C % $& C # # "# C A C "? # . €> ""8 > % > # >$& > " 8: A " 8 &* # 8 # 8# " # # &* > . < # $ - ## " ?>& $& # " #/ 8# #8 8 &* C "-$ $"" $#% " " C " & , >/ " " #& 40 C . / . " & . < # " ?> $& > "& @=# " #- &* > % &* >:

-< /" @= / $& & C# " / "#" 8> ( D) 28,44 %;

-< D 20,88 %;

-# " #/ < D 7,58 %;

-# " #/ < D 5,56 %;

-$# & % A C "? # & " # $#% # &*- " *@ 150 /" # " 20 000 . . C .

< A " 8 &* / " 8> $# " # % 8 / "- = " & " $8 % A C # " # # &* > " 8, " @=# " # # # > " 8 C #% ## $"" . ' ""8 /

119

$# " # % 8 / " 8 &* >/ " $ 1 " & " " #& bmin. 230 C . / " & .

# # "# C A C "? # & " # " 8 8, - >/ $% & $& * $# #$# &* > > $ % >8 $- & & C# " #8 ?Š 8 # "#" 8 8. " / % A 8## $- -A C # " # " " ( ) — " ?" & C# ,& " " E /. ' % &* $& > > %8 " # " # # $?& # $# $#% " " C " & % " & C# " # 8$# #/ 3,55 % .

120