Basic English _Fisrt year_Булатова -31-10-11

?	Am	I
	Is	he/ she/ it	working?
	Are	you/we/ they
	Yes, I‘m/ No, I‘m not
	Yes, you are/ No, you aren‘t
	Yes, he is/ No, he‘s not ( he isn‘t)

Use the Present continuous to talk about actions happening at the time of speaking and temporary actions happening around now.

I am doing the washing-up

He is doing a lot of exercises at the moment.

State verbs

like	love	hate want	need	prefer
know	understand	believe	remember

Use the present Simple (not the present continuous ) with the state verbs. I know how to dance salsa.

Key vocabulary

Verb-noun phrases about daily routine

catch a bus	chat on the phone			check your emails			go clubbing		go to bed late
go to the gym	have a lie –in			have a snack
lie on the beach	meet some friends				do exercises do nothing			fall asleep		get a
take away pizza	get up early		go for a walk			have a nap	have a picnic
have a shower	have a breakfast/lunch/dinner					listen to the radio		read a magazine
sleep stay in bed late		wake up		watch TV

	4. Past simple
Regular verbs
+		I played football yesterday
-		He didn‘t finish his research paper
?		Why did you come so late?
		Did you like the party?
		Yes, I did/ No ,I didn‘t
Irregular verbs
+		I left school in 2001
-		They didn‘t come home yesterday.
?		Where did she grow up?
		Did he go to school with you?
		Yes, he did/ No ,he didn‘t
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Use the Past Simple to talk about completed action in the past. Use the same form for all persons (but was/were for the verb to be. Add –ed to regular verbs to make the past form

Use didn‘t (did not) to make the negative

5. So and Neither

We use so and neither to say that agree with or have th same experience as someone

Positive statement: use so+ positive auxiliary Negative statement: use neither+ positive auxiliary

Use the opposite auxiliary to say that we disagree with, or have a different experience from someone.

+	Agree/Disagree
I‘ve got a new car	So have I/ I haven‘t
I like chocolate	So do I/I don‘t
I hated swimming	So did I/ I didn‘t
I‘m a student	So am I/I‘m not
I was keen on	So was I/ I wasn‘t
pop

-	Agree/Disagree
I haven‘t got it	Neither have I/ I have
I don‘t watch TV	Neither do I/ I do
I didn‘t go out	Neither did I/ I did
I ‗m not enjoying	Neither am I/I am
it	Neither was I/ I was
I wasn‘t late

6. Present perfect simple Form: has /have +past participle

+	I/You/They		won a prize
-	They	have/haven‘t
	She/he/it	has/hasn‘t
?	Have	I/you/we/they ever	heard this song?
	Has	she/he/it ever

Yes I have /No I haven‘t

Yes he has/No he hasn‘t

Use the Present Perfect Simple to talk about an action or experience in the general past –the specific time is not important or is not known.

! Don‘t use the Present Perfect Simple with the past time expressions, e.g last night, two weeks ago.

Use the past simple to talk about an action or experience at a specific time in the past.

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A:I‘ve visited ten countries in my life

B:Have ever been to China?

A; Yes, I have .I went to Peking in 2007

7. Going to ( future plans)

Use “Going to” talk about something that you intend or plan to do (you have already decided to do it)

A: Are you going to see Sally this week?

B:I don‘t know .I‘m going to call her this evening.

+	I	am
	He/She/It	is	going to
	We/You/They/	are		see Sarah
-	I	am	not going to	on Monday
	He/She/It	is
	We/You/They/	are
?	Am	I	going to	See her?
	Is	he/she/it
	Are	we/you/they/

Yes, I am/No I‘m not

We often use future time expressions with going to (this afternoon, tonight, tomorrow, next week)

8. Defining relative clause

Defining relative clauses give us more information about noun.

They answer the questions: Which place? Which person? Which thing?

Defining relative clauses come immediately after the noun in the main clause Use who to talk about people, which to talk about the things, where to talk about places.

This is the pen which you need He is the cook who I like

That‘s the store where I bought these shoes.

That can be used instead of which and who

The young man who/that I work with never stops talking Sam bought the jeans that/which we saw yesterday

! Don‟t use commas before or after defining relative clauses.

9. Present Continuous (Future arrangements)

Present Continuous to talk about personal arrangements or fixed plans. They often involve other people and the time/place has been arranged

When are you starting you new job?

He isn‘t coming to my birthday party.

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+	I	am
	He/She/It	is	meeting
	We/You/They/	are		Sheila at 5
-	I	am	not meeting	o‘clock.
	He/She/It	is
	We/You/They/	are
?	Am	I	meeting	her?
	Is	he/she/it
	Are	we/you/they/

Yes, I am/No I‘m not

! Going to and the present continuous can be used to express similar ideas. Choose depending on what you mean

I am going to see Mary (the decision has been made but no arrangement)

I am seeing Sam tonight at the club (an arrangement has been made with Sam)

With the verbs go and come, we usually use the Present Continuous. I am going to Paris as soon as I have saved enough money

10.Comparatives and superlatives One syllable adjectives

Adjective	Comparative	superlative	Spelling
Hard	harder than	the hardest	ends in consonsnt
			+ -er, the - east
Nice	nicer than	the nicest	Ends in –e; + -r.
Brave	braver than	the bravest	the est
Fit	fitter	the fittest	Vowel + consonant
Big	bigger	the biggest	Double consonant

Their garden is larger than mine

Mike is tallest in our class.

Two or more syllable adjectives

Adjective	Comparative	Superlative	Spelling
Happy	Happier than	the happiest	Two syllables
Easy	Easier than	the easiest	Ends in –y:
			Y changes to i
Boring	More boring (than)	The most boring	Two or more
Interesting	More interesting (than)	the most	syllable adjectives:
		interesting	no change

The bus is more crowded than yesterday.

It is the easiest way to do that

She is the most beautiful person I know.

Irregular adjectives

Adjective	Comparative	Superlative
bad	worse (than)	the worst
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Good	Better (than)	the best
Little	Less (than)	the least
Far	Farther/further (than)	(the)
		farthest/furthest

(not) as ………as

We can also make comparisons with (not) as ………as

Tomas is as tall as Scott but he isn‘t as tall as Mark.

After superlatives

We usually use in with places and groups of people:

Which is the highest mountain in the world? Who is the youngest manager in the company?

We use of in most cases:

She is the cleverest of my three sisters.

We often use the Present Perfect Simple

He is the most interesting person I‘ve ever met.

11.Indirect questions

Use indirect questions to make a question more polite

Who are those people?

Can you tell me who those people are? When will you arrive?

Do you know when you will arrive?

!Use the word order of positive statements

Can you tell me what time this shop opens?

!Do not use the auxiliary do/does/did.

How much do the tickets cost?

Do you know how much the tickets cost?

Use if or whether for indirect Yes /No questions

Do you know if/whether Mr Bonn is in his office?

12.Should, have to, can

+	I	should
	He/She/It	can	wait
	We/You/They/
-	I	Shouldn‘t	smoke
	He/She/It	Can‘t
	We/You/They/
?	should	I
	shouldn‘t	he/she/it	go
	can/can‘t	we/you/they/

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Do no use the auxiliaries Do/Does when making the question form with should /can

Should I come to your party?

Not: Do I should I come to your party?

Use shouldn‘t when you think something is a good /bad idea

You should wear smart clothes for your job interview

You shouldn‘t smoke in public places.

Use can’t when something is impossible

I can play volleyball very well.

He can‘t unlock the door with key.

+	I/We/You/They/	have to
			work
	He/She/It	has to
-	I/We/You/They/	don‘t have to
			come
	He/She/It	doesn‘t have to
?	Do	I/we/you/they/
		have to	go?
	Does	he/she/it
		have to

Use have to when something is necessary and there is no choice I have to get up early tomorrow because my train leaves at 6 p.m

Use don’t have to when something is not necessary and there is a choce.

In Britain , you don‘t have to vote.

13.Present Perfect Simple with For and Since

Use the Present Perfect Simple with For and Since to talk about actions or states which started in the past and continue to now

I‘ve lived in this town for 4 years.

I‘ve not seen Carol since last summer How long have you been at this school?

Use for when we give the length of the time:

For three years, for a week, for half an hour, for ages.

Use since when we give the beginning of the time

Since 1998, since this morning, since 10.15.

14.Used to

Form used to +infinitive

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+	I/We/You/They/
		used to		play the piano
	He/She/It
-	I/We/You/They/
		didn‘t use to		do exercises
	He/She/It
?		I/we/you/they/	use to	Live in the
	Did			country?
		he/she/it

Used to refers to regular activities and states in the past that don‟t happen now.

Tima used to play the violin but now he doesn‘t

I didn‘t use to like ice-cream but now I like it.

15. Will

Use will + infinitive to make predictions about the future

+	I
	He/She/It	will	go
	We/You/They/
-	I	won‘t	go
	He/She/It
	We/You/They/
?	Will	I	go?
		he/she/it
		we/you/they/

Yes, I will/No I won‘t

We often use I (don‟t) think I hope with will when making predictions

I think Manchester United will win the Cup I hope it will be sunny tomorrow

Use: I don‘t think he will……. Not: I think he won‘t……….

We can also use will for making promises and spontaneous decisions . Well ok! I will be in 5 minutes.

I will watch the movie when I‗ve finished washing –up

16.Uses of like

Like has different meanings depending on the grammar of the sentence 1. Like –enjoy something in general Use like +gerund

A:What do you like doing at the weekend?

B:I like going to the cinema

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2. would like =want something or want to do something

Use would like +infinitive or a noun

A:what would you like to do this weekend?

B:I‘d like to see ―KunFu Panda‖

C:I‘d like a quiet night at home.

3. Be likeasking about characters or characteristics

Don‟t use like in the answer

A:what is your town like?

B:It‗s small and quiet.

4. Look like-asking about appearance

Don‟t use like in the answer

A:What does your sister like?

B:She is tall and she‗s got dark hair

17.Too, too much /many, enough.

Use too or not enough when something is a problem. His suitcase is too heavy to carry

He wasn‘t strong enough to carry his suitcase

too	Use to with adjectives
	I went to bed too late
Too much	Use too much with uncountable nouns
	There‘s too much noise in the class
Too many	Use too many with the countable nouns
	There are too many books on the shelf.
Enough	Use enough after adjectives and adverbs
	.Use enough before nouns
	That bag isn‘t big enough

Use very when something is difficult but not impossible

His suitcase is very heavy suitcase but he carried it.

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Writing bank

Part 1 (Questions 1–5)

There are five questions to answer in Part 1 of the Writing paper. For each question, you have one sentence which is complete and a second sentence which has a missing word or words. You have to complete the second sentence with between one and three words so that it means the same as the first sentence. All five sentences share a common theme or topic.

Sample questions:

1 It‘s too cold to play tennis.

It isn‟t warm ……………………………….. to play tennis. 2 There are only a few squash courts in this town.

There aren‟t very ……………………………….. squash courts in this town. 3 If you don‘t play every week, you won‘t improve your tennis.

You won‟t improve your tennis unless ……………………………….. every week. 4 They were bought a new flat by my parents.

My parents ……………………………………… a new flat.

5 It isn't necessary for me to share a room in this house.

I …………………………………… to share a room in this house.

Part 2 (Question 6)

For Part 2 you have to write a short, communicative message of between 35 and 45 words. The instructions in the question tell you who you are writing to and why you are writing. There are also three bullet points which tell you the content you must include in your answer. Remember to read the instructions carefully and plan your answer to cover everything.

Sample task:

An English-speaking friend called Leo has invited you to go to a football match with him on Saturday.

Write an e-mail to Leo. In your e-mail, you should

•thank him for asking you

•say how you feel about going

•invite him to a meal afterwards.

Write 35-45 words on your answer sheet.

Sample answer:

Dear Leo,

Thanks very much for asking me to come to the match with you on Saturday. I'm really looking forward to it. I'm sure it'll be exciting. Would you like to come back to my house for a meal afterwards'!

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Hossein

Part 3 (Question 7 or 8)

In Part 3 you can choose to write either an informal letter or a story. You should write about 100 words.

For the letter, you have to read an extract of a letter from a friend of yours and you then have to write a reply to your friend. The letter from your friend will tell you what to write about.

Sample task:

• You are going to stay with an English family. This is part of a letter you receive from them.

Can you tell us about your work or school, your hobbies and interests and say what you hope to do while you are in England?

•Now write a letter to this family.

•Write your letter on your answer sheet.

Sample answer 1:

It's very kind of you to invite me to stay with you. I suppose you'd like to know something about me. I'm nineteen and I live and work in Malaga. I'm one of the receptionists at a hotel. I meet lots of English tourists, so I'm looking forward to seeing England. In my free time I do watersports and I go horse-riding. I enjoy playing the guitar and singing, too. I'd like to try some real English food while I'm in England. I'd also be interested to visit some famous historical places, such as Stonehenge, if that's possible. Is there anything special I can bring you from Spain'!

With best wishes, Miguel

Sample answer 2:

I am sixteen and I go to school here in Bern. I am studying a lot of different subjects, but my favourites are languages and biology. In my free time I like to go swimming, and of course skiing in the winter. I'm also keen on reading, especially detective novels. When I have time, I like to look around the shops with my friends because we enjoy trying on new clothes. ('m looking forward to coming to England and meeting you all. I hope I'll be able to visit some different cities in England, including London. Thank you for inviting me.

Yours sincerely, Ursula Haupt

For the story, you are given either a short title or the first sentence of the story.

Example:

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