12. Fill in the blanks with prepositions

1. It is dangerous to go … a stormy day. 2. Lightning is a very great flash … light resulting … a discharge … atmospheric electricity. 3. Protecting building … lightning was the first discovery … the field … electricity used … the good … mankind. 4. … thousands … years people knew nothing … thunderstorms. 5. Lightning flashes are followed … thunder which can be heard … kilometers around. 6. There is always some danger … a thunderstorm … a very high building or a man standing … the open field. 7. It is difficult to see a single drop … water … the sea. 8. Some scientists … the past melted metals … the help … solar furnaces. 9. Modern civilization cannot do … electrical appliances. 10. The electric current is necessary … the operation … trolleybuses, buses and modern trains.

13. Translate into Russian

1. the only son; the only example known; the only method of solving the problem; only you can do it for me; coal is not only a source of heat, but also a source of valuable chemical substances; the letter was sent only yesterday;

2. many students were present; at the present time; the present article; he is in Moscow at present; that is all for the present; good-bye for the present.

14. Form five sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in Columns I and II

I II

1. Generator 1. measures the temperature of hot melted metals.

2. Lightning conductor 2. lifts objects weighing thousands of tons.

3. Battery 3. turns electrical energy into mechanical energy.

4. Electric crane 4. protects buildings from lightning strokes.

5. Pyrometer 5. turns mechanical energy into electrical energy.

15. Describe Franklin’s kite experiment

16. Give a short summary of the text

Module 3

Infinitive

Text 1

From the History of Electricity

Active words and expressions

at rest в состоянии покоя

static статический, не динамический

condition режим

in motion в движении

flow струиться, течь

as well as так же как, а также

behaviour режим (работы)

previously ранее

rubbing трение, натирание

substance вещество, нечто реальное

discharge разряжать(ся)

in no time быстро

unlike charges разноименные заряды

electric current электрический ток

try the experiment проводить эксперимент

generate вырабатывать

unit единица измерения

continuous current непрерывный ток

dissimilar metals разнородные металлы

steady неизменный, постоянный

to increase увеличивать, усиливать

thus так, таким образом

voltaic гальванический

pile батарея

layer слой

copper медь

moisten увлажнять, смачивать

wire электрический провод

There are two types of electricity, namely, electricity at rest or in a static condition and electricity in motion, that is, the electric current. Both of them are made up of electric charges, static charges being at rest, while electric current flows and does work. Thus they differ in their ability to serve mankind as well as in their behaviour.

Let us first turn our attention to static electricity. For a long time it was the only electrical phenomenon to be observed by man. As previously mentioned at least 2,500 years ago, or so, the Greeks knew how to get electricity by rubbing substances. However, for practical purposes static electricity was not much more useful than lightning. Indeed, the electricity to be obtained by rubbing objects cannot be used to light lamps, to boil water, to run electric trains, and so on. It is usually very high in voltage, difficult to control; besides it discharges in no time.

As early as 1753, Franklin made an important contribution to the science of electricity. He was the first to prove that unlike charges are produced due to rubbing dissimilar objects. To show that the charges are unlike and opposite, he decided to call the charge on the rubber – negative and that on the glass – positive.

In this connection one might remember our Russian Academician Petroff. He was the first to carry on experiments and observations on the electrification of metals by rubbing them one against another. As a result he was the first scientist in the world who solved that problem.

So far, almost nothing was said about the electric current. Who does not know that the first man to produce it was Volta. His discovery developed out of Galvani’s experiments with the frog. Various writers retell that story in quite different ways. In fact, Galvani observed that the legs of a dead frog jumped as a result of an electric charge. He tried his experiment several times and every time he obtained the same result. He thought that electricity was generated within the leg itself.

This thought was not so very strange because he could not help remembering the electric fish which possessed the property of giving more or less strong shocks.

As previously mentioned, the discovery of the electric current was made possible owing to Volta after whom the unit of electric pressure, the volt, was named.

Volta was born at Como, in Italy, February 18, 1745. For some years he was a teacher of physics in his home town. Later on he became professor of natural sciences at the University of Pavia. After his famous discovery he travelled in many countries, among them France, Germany and England. He was also invited to Paris to lecture on the newly discovered chemical source of continuous current. In 1819 he returned to Como where he spent the rest of his life. Volta died at the age of 82.

Volta took great interest in Galvani’s researches. He began to carry on similar experiments and soon found out that the electric source was not within the frog’s leg itself, but was the result of the contact of both dissimilar metals used during his observations. However, to carry on experiments of such a kind was not an easy thing to do. He spent the next few years trying to invent a source of a steady, continuous current. To increase the effect obtained with one pair of metals, Volta increased the number of these pairs. Thus the voltaic pile consisted of a layer of copper and a layer of zink placed one above another with a layer of flannel moistened in salt water between them. In this way the voltaic pile looked like a thick sandwich containing copper, zinc, flannel moistened in salt water, copper, zinc, flannel, and so on. A wire was connected to the first disc of copper and to the last disc of zinc.

The year 1800 is a good date to be remembered: for the first time in the world’s history a steady, continuous current was generated.