- •Ю.Н. Сидоренко и.Н. Чурилова теплоэнергетика
- •Module I The Participle
- •Participle I
- •Participial constructions The Absolute Participial Construction
- •I The Absolute Participle Construction with p I (non-prepositional)
- •II The Prepositional Absolute Participle Construction with Participle I
- •III The Absolute Participle Construction with Participle II (non-prepositional)
- •IV The Prepositional Absolute Participle Construction with Participle II
- •Self-Training Exercises
- •Translate the sentences into Russian and explain the difference between Participle I and Participle II. Define the functions
- •Translate into English using the Participle II
- •3. Define the Participial construction with Participle I after the determinate word. Note that Participles should be translated in the tense in which the predicate of the main clause is used
- •Define the Participial constructions with Participle I, translate the sentences
- •Translate the sentences. Define the Participial constructions with Perfect Participle
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Electrical Current Serves Us In a Thousand Ways
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle
- •Form four sentences using the words given below
- •Give short answers to the following questions
- •Translate the following sentences
- •Text 2 Energy Active words and expressions
- •Exercises
- •Find the participle in the text and define its function
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle
- •Compare a and b and define the function of the participle
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction
- •Give short answers to the following questions
- •Module 2 The Gerund
- •Признаки герундия
- •Перевод герундия на русский язык
- •The Gerund can be used:
- •Text 1 Lightning Active Words and Expressions
- •Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the Gerund
- •Complete the following sentences using the Gerund according to the model given below
- •Find the Gerund in the text, define its function
- •Put questions to the words in bold type
- •Form verbs from the following nouns
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type
- •Text 2 Active words and expressions
- •Atmospheric Electricity
- •Exercises Complete the following sentences using the Gerund
- •Translate the following sentences using the Gerund
- •Find the Gerund in the text, define its function
- •A) Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs, wherever necessary
- •What questions are answered by the words in bold type in the following sentences?
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to both, both…and
- •Fill in the blanks with prepositions
- •Translate into Russian
- •Form five sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in Columns I and II
- •Describe Franklin’s kite experiment
- •Give a short summary of the text
- •I. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive
- •II. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the words in bold type
- •III. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the Infinitive
- •IV. Fill in the blanks with the words one or for
- •IX. Explain the meaning of the following compound words
- •X. Retell Volta’s biography Text 2 Electric Current
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate the following sentences and define the infinitive constructions
- •2. According to the models given below form sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in Columns 1,2,3,4
- •3. Translate the following sentences using the infinitive
- •4. Make up questions and answer them. Work in pairs
- •Explain why
- •Define the meaning of the following words
- •7. The following statements are not true to fact. Correct them
- •8. Give headings to each paragraph of the text
- •9. Put two questions to each paragraph of the text. Ask your partner to answer them
- •10. Give an abstract of the text
Text 1 Lightning Active Words and Expressions
lightning молния
flash вспышка
indeed кроме того
thunderstorm гроза
spark вспышка
thunder гром
to destroy разрушать
phenomenon (phenomena) явление
to throw кидать, бросать
powerful мощный
property свойство
to name after называть в честь
to invent придумывать, изобретать
to solve решать
to result приводить
discharge разряд
charge заряд
danger опасность
dangerous опасный
conductor проводник
to conduct проводить
to provide обеспечивать, снабжать
path путь, контур эл. цепи
achievement достижение
observation наблюдение
to take interest in интересоваться
The lightning flash is certainly the earliest manifestation of electricity known to a man, although for a long time nobody knew that lighting and atmospheric electricity are one and the same thing. Indeed, for thousands of years people knew nothing about thunderstorms. However, they saw long sparks falling from the dark sky and heard thunder. They knew that these sparks could kill people or strike their houses and destroy them. Trying to understand that dangerous phenomenon, they imagined things and invented numerous stories.
Take the early Scandinavians as an example! They thought that thunderstorms were produced by Thor, the god of thunder. Besides his throwing both thunder and lightning at some people, he was a hammer-thrower. According to the story his powerful hammer had the property of always coming back to his hands after it had been thrown. The fifth day of the week, that is Thursday, was named after him. A story like that invented by those early Scandinavians could be also heard from other peoples.
However, time flies. Thunderstorms have long stopped being a problem that scientists tried to solve. All know, at present, that lighting is a very great flash of light resulting from a discharge of atmospheric electricity either between charged clouds or between a charged cloud and the earth.
Even now some people do not like being out during a thunderstorm. Dark clouds cover the sky, turning day into night. There are lighting flashes followed by thunder which can be heard for kilometers around. Needless to say, there is always some danger in a thunderstorm for a very high building or a man standing in the open field.
Many years ago people learned to protect their houses from thunderstorms. Coming down from a charged cloud to the earth, lightning usually strikes the nearest conductor. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an easy path along which electrons are conducted to the earth. That Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning conductor is a well-known fact. The lightning conductor, familiar to anybody at present, is a metal device protecting building from lightning strokes by conducting the electrical charges to the earth.
Franklin’s achievements in the field of electricity were known to Lomonosov who, in his turn, made experiments of his own. Among other scientific problems that Lomonosov studied was also that of atmospheric electricity. It greatly interested both Lomonosov and his friend Professor Rihman. Both of them tried to solve the problem in question. They made numerous experiments and observations without thinking of the possible danger. In order to get better results Rihman constructed the first electrical measuring device in the world. However, making experiments of that kind was so dangerous that Professor Rihman was killed by a stroke of lightning during one of his observations.
As for Franklin’s well-known kite experiment, you will find it in the following lesson.