- •Ю.Н. Сидоренко и.Н. Чурилова теплоэнергетика
- •Module I The Participle
- •Participle I
- •Participial constructions The Absolute Participial Construction
- •I The Absolute Participle Construction with p I (non-prepositional)
- •II The Prepositional Absolute Participle Construction with Participle I
- •III The Absolute Participle Construction with Participle II (non-prepositional)
- •IV The Prepositional Absolute Participle Construction with Participle II
- •Self-Training Exercises
- •Translate the sentences into Russian and explain the difference between Participle I and Participle II. Define the functions
- •Translate into English using the Participle II
- •3. Define the Participial construction with Participle I after the determinate word. Note that Participles should be translated in the tense in which the predicate of the main clause is used
- •Define the Participial constructions with Participle I, translate the sentences
- •Translate the sentences. Define the Participial constructions with Perfect Participle
- •Active Words and Expressions
- •Electrical Current Serves Us In a Thousand Ways
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle
- •Form four sentences using the words given below
- •Give short answers to the following questions
- •Translate the following sentences
- •Text 2 Energy Active words and expressions
- •Exercises
- •Find the participle in the text and define its function
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the participle
- •Compare a and b and define the function of the participle
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction
- •Give short answers to the following questions
- •Module 2 The Gerund
- •Признаки герундия
- •Перевод герундия на русский язык
- •The Gerund can be used:
- •Text 1 Lightning Active Words and Expressions
- •Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the Gerund
- •Complete the following sentences using the Gerund according to the model given below
- •Find the Gerund in the text, define its function
- •Put questions to the words in bold type
- •Form verbs from the following nouns
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type
- •Text 2 Active words and expressions
- •Atmospheric Electricity
- •Exercises Complete the following sentences using the Gerund
- •Translate the following sentences using the Gerund
- •Find the Gerund in the text, define its function
- •A) Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs, wherever necessary
- •What questions are answered by the words in bold type in the following sentences?
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to both, both…and
- •Fill in the blanks with prepositions
- •Translate into Russian
- •Form five sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in Columns I and II
- •Describe Franklin’s kite experiment
- •Give a short summary of the text
- •I. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive
- •II. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the words in bold type
- •III. Translate the following sentences paying special attention to the Infinitive
- •IV. Fill in the blanks with the words one or for
- •IX. Explain the meaning of the following compound words
- •X. Retell Volta’s biography Text 2 Electric Current
- •Vocabulary Notes
- •Exercises
- •1. Translate the following sentences and define the infinitive constructions
- •2. According to the models given below form sentences combining suitable parts of the sentence given in Columns 1,2,3,4
- •3. Translate the following sentences using the infinitive
- •4. Make up questions and answer them. Work in pairs
- •Explain why
- •Define the meaning of the following words
- •7. The following statements are not true to fact. Correct them
- •8. Give headings to each paragraph of the text
- •9. Put two questions to each paragraph of the text. Ask your partner to answer them
- •10. Give an abstract of the text
IX. Explain the meaning of the following compound words
Newspaper, schoolboy, thunderstorm, icebreaker, waterfall, fisherman.
X. Retell Volta’s biography Text 2 Electric Current
Vocabulary Notes
to produce создавать, генерировать
subject тема, тематика
newly discovered вновь обнаружившийся
direction направление
statement заявление, утверждение
certainly несомненно
as to в отношении
to flow along течь по
wire эл. провод
consider считать
minute particle мельчайшие частицы
travel двигаться, перемещаться
to carry переносить, передавать
in addition кроме того
solid твердое тело
liquid жидкость
as well а также
gas газ
to meet the requirements отвечать требованиям
to conduct current проводить ток
to find (found) считать, полагать
certain точный, уверенный
wrong way направление противошерстное
long before задолго до
in fact на самом деле, по сути
DC=direct current постоянный ток
for так как; в виду того, что
to push продвигать, проталкивать
i.e.=id est (that is) то есть
terminal клемма; вход\выход
AC = alternating current переменный ток
to stand for обозначать, значить
under consideration рассматриваемый, обсуждаемый
power снабжение энергией
lighting освещение
to assume допускать, предполагать
to go through проходить сквозь, испытывать, подвергаться
ease легкость, простота
voltage эл. напряжение
vice versa наоборот
hence поэтому, следовательно
to operate управлять, эксплуатировать
to find a wide application находить широкое применение
in spite of несмотря на
to require требовать
Ever since Volta first produced a source of steady continuous current, men of science have been forming theories on this subject. For some time they could see no real difference between the newly-discovered phenomenon and the former understanding of static charge. Then the famous French scientist, Ampere (after whom the unit of current was named) determined the difference between the current and the static charges. In addition to it, Ampere gave the current direction: he supposed it to flow from the positive pole of the source round the circuit and back again to the negative pole. We know him to be right in his first statement but he was certainly wrong in the second, as to the direction of current. The flow of current is now known to be in a direction opposite to what he thought. (We shall return to that problem later on.)
Let us turn our attention, now, to the electric current itself. The current which flows along wires consists of moving electrons. In other words, the flow of moving electrons is one form of the electric current. What can we say about the electron? We consider the electron to be a minute particle having an electric charge. We also know that charge to be negative. As these minute charges travel along a wire, that wire is said to carry an electric current.
In addition to traveling through solids, however, the electric current can flow through liquids, as well and even through gases. In both cases it produces some most important effects to meet industrial requirements. Some liquids, such as melted metals for example, conduct current without any change to themselves. Others, called electrolytes, are found to change greatly when the current passes through them.
The reader is certain to remember that a negatively charged electron moves to the positive end of the wire. It had been supposed to move in the wrong way, from the positive end of the circuit to the negative, long before the electrons were discovered. In fact, when a wire is said to be carrying a current from left to right, the electrons in it are really flowing from right to left.
When the electrons flow in one direction only, the current is said to be d.c., that is, direct current. The simplest source of power for direct currents is a battery, for a battery pushes the electrons in the same direction all the time (i.e., from the negatively charged terminal to the positively charged terminal).
The letters a.c. stand for alternating current. The current under consideration is known to flow first in one direction and then in the opposite one. The a.c. used for power and lighting purposes is assumed to go through 50 cycles in one second.
One of the great advantages of a.c. is the ease with which power at low voltage can be changed into an almost similar amount of power at high voltage and vice versa. Hence, on the one hand alternating voltage is increased when it is necessary for long-distance transmission and, on the other hand, one can decrease it to meet industrial requirements as well as to operate various devices at home. In fact, at least 90 per cent of electric energy to be generated at present is a.c. We know it to find a wide application for lighting, heating, industrial and other purposes.
The student may be probably asking himself: “Why is d.c. ever used?” In spite of the fact that almost all electrical power is usually generated and transmitted in the form of a.c., there are numerous cases when d.c. is required. For this reason, it is quite possible to generate a.c. then transform it into d.c.
We cannot help mentioning here that Yablochkov, our Russian scientist and inventor, was the first to apply a.c. in practice.