- •1. Give the Russian variants to the following words and word combinations:
- •2. Read the text and try to organize the information according to the items:
- •Dentistry department of the Volgograd State Medical University
- •Text 1. Dental course in Great Britain.
- •Text 2. Dental course in the usa
- •Text I. Creighton University (the usa)
- •Text II. Baylor College of Dentistry
- •Text III. Harvard School of Dental Medicine
- •Text IV. Boston University School of Medicine
- •1. Pay attention to the following words and word combinations – the meaning of some of them in the language of medicine differs from that in every-day English.
- •Members of a dental team
- •2. Find all the verbs in the sentences and define their function.
- •Text I. Laboratory technicians.
- •Text II. Dental assistants
- •1. Speak on the use of pronouns some, any and their derivatives and find the examples in the text.
- •Dentistry advances
- •3. Summarize the information on the advances of dentistry, using the chart. What period was the turning point in the development of dentistry (from your point of view)? Prove it.
- •4. Read the text. Be ready to answer the questions. The bones of the skull.
- •1. Find the adjective in the text and explain how the degrees of comparison are formed.
- •2. State whether the predicate is used in Passive or Active Voice. Translate the sentences.
- •Alveolar Processes and Alveolar Bone
- •Oral cavity
- •2. Find the sentences with the verb to be. State its functions.
- •3. Look through the last paragraph of the text and find the Infinitives. State their function.
- •Hard Palate, Soft Palate and Pharynx
- •Lips and cheeks
- •1. Essential Vocabulary
- •Anatomical Structure of the Tooth
- •Tooth development
- •The Teeth
- •Human Dentition
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •7. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Find the Participles and translate the sentences:
- •2. Translate the following sentences from the text, pay attention to ing-forms translation. Define the part of speech and the function of the verb in the ing-form.
- •3. Differentiate between the ing-forms of verbs. Translate the sentences.
- •Table of Eruption of Teeth.
- •Text I. Tooth structures formation
- •Text II. Three periods of cementum deposition
- •Text III. The embryonal period of the oral cavity development.
- •Text IV. Development of the jaws
- •Text V. Development of the oral cavity as a whole
- •1. Try to guess what teeth are spoken about. Prove your point of view.
- •3. Imagine that you are a pedodontist. Tell a child’s mother about the eruption of teeth and possible alterations or abnormalities. Try to explain a significant role of the process.
- •1. Essential Vocabulary
- •2. Translate the word combinations:
- •3. Read the text and determine the sequence of the digestive processes occurring in the oral cavity. Digestion in the mouth. Mastication.
- •1. Find the examples of Gerund in the text, state the functions of the verbs.
- •2. Insert the prepositions where it is necessary:
- •3. Translate the sentences, define non-finite verb forms.
- •The chemical reduction of food
- •1. Remember the pronunciation and the meaning of the words and word combinations.
- •Anomalies of the oral cavity structures
- •1. Find in the text the verbs with prepositions (phrasal verbs), remember their meaning.
- •2. Use do or make to form fixed phrases. Put the words below into the correct column.
- •3. Read the text and choose one of the answers to fit each space. Essential skills for life
- •Text I. A little patient with a cleft lip and palate
- •Text II. Malocclusion in children
- •Text I. Occlusal interferences and occlusal harmony
- •Text II. Facial clefts
- •Text III. Oral structures anomalies in ancient times
- •Harmful habits
- •1. Find the examples of the Infinitive and Gerund in the text, explain the reasons for their use.
- •2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb – Infinitive or Gerund.
- •Text I. Bruxism
- •Treatment of bruxism
- •Text II. Thumb-sucking and pacifier use may damage children's teeth
- •Text I. Eating habits - the rules or prejudices?
- •Text II. A bibliographical survey of bruxism
- •Incidence of bruxism
- •Text III. Stained teeth
- •Text IV. What effect does diet have on my oral health?
- •Normal flora of the mouth and upper respiratory tract
- •Text I. Caries-producing microorganisms
- •Text II. Microbiological aspects of caries prevention
- •Text I. Bacteria from gum infections are associated with diabetes and chronic lung disease.
- •Text II. Bad teeth and gums may exacerbate existing lung problems.
- •Text III. Tea fights cavities, reduces plaque
- •Text IV. The suspected link between mothers’ gum disease and the health of her offspring.
- •1. Make a report on the microbiological basis of dental health.
- •2. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Prove your point of view with the facts presented in the texts of the Unit.
- •Preventive dentistry
- •Text I. The influence of xylitol
- •Text II. Fluorine and teeth
- •Text III. Health education programme for mothers with young children
- •Text I. Flossing is still best for oral health care
- •Text II. Dental check-ups for children
- •Text III. The role of fluoride in dentistry
- •The Noun (Имя существительное)
- •1. Подлежащее
- •2. Сказуемое
- •3. Дополнение
- •4. Обстоятельство
- •5. Определение
- •The Article (Артикль)
- •The Pronoun (Местоимение)
- •Производные от some, any, no, every
- •Слова – заместители существительных
- •The Adjective (Имя прилагательное), The Adverb (Наречие)
- •The Numeral (Имя числительное)
- •The Verb (Глагол)
- •Voice (залог):
- •Основные функции глагола to do
- •Времена группы Indefinite Present Indefinite Active (Настоящее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Past Indefinite Active (Прошедшее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Future Indefinite Active (Будущее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Модальные глаголы Модальные глаголы can, may, must
- •Passive Voice (Страдательный залог)
- •Общее правило образования отрицательной и вопросительной формы сказуемого
- •Времена группы Perfect
- •Функции глагола to have
- •Времена группы Continuous Active
- •Времена группы Perfect Continuous Active
- •Неличные формы глагола
- •Infinitive (инфинитив)
- •Инфинитивные обороты
- •Participle I (Причастие действительного залога)
- •Participle II (Причастие страдательного залога)
- •Gerund (Герундий)
Alveolar Processes and Alveolar Bone
The mucous membrane covering the alveolar processes is of two types. That part which is continuous with the sulcus, the alveolar mucosa, is thin and loosely attached to the underlying bone by thin connective tissue. This allows it to accommodate to the free movement of the lips and cheeks and permits the painless deposition of local anaesthetic into the underlying connective tissue. The thinness and the plentiful blood supply give it a red colour. In health, the alveolar mucosa is separated by a scalloped line, the muco-gingival junction, from a band of thicker tissue - the gingiva - which are keratinized and which surround the teeth in a band approximately 5 mm thick.
Like all bones, the alveolar bone consists of outer and inner cortical plates, between which lies the cancellous bone. Between the two cortical plates are the tooth sockets which are lined by a thin plate of bone, termed the lamina dura. This is visible on dental radiographs and is often of diagnostic importance. Into the alveolar lamina dura are inserted the ends of the periodontal fibres which, like those inserted into the cementum, are called Sharpey's fibres. The lamina dura is also pierced by a large numbers of bony canals called Volkmann's canals and, for this reason, it is often referred to as the cribriform plate.
The thickness of the labial and lingual alveolar cortical plates varies considerably from one area to another and from person to person and this has a significance when inflammatory periodontal disease affects the tissues. It tends to be thin on the labial aspect of the anterior teeth and may even be completely missing in places, which is termed a dehiscence. Dehiscences may be a leading factor in the occurrence of localized severe gingival recession.
The bone of the alveolar process is not static but is being continually remodelled by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Both these cells are present in the tooth socket and it is by their action that teeth can move bodily through the bone, either during growth or during orthodontic treatment. The bone of the socket on the side towards which the tooth is moving is resorbed by osteoclasts, while more bone is deposited on the opposite side by osteoblasts.
Reading 2
1. Memorize pronunciation and learn the following words:
jaw челюсть cover покрывать
cheek щека change менять(ся)
gland железа remain оставаться
gland железа send направлять
salivary слюнный duct проток, канал
parotid околоушный cut разрезать
uvula (pl uvulae) язычок manufacture производить
tissue ткань health здоровье
Oral cavity
The mouth is the first division of the alimentary canal. Important structures of the mouth are gums with teeth and the tongue.
The tongue is composed of a number of highly mobile muscles covered with a special kind of mucous membrane that includes taste-buds. The very movable front part is called the tip; the more or less fixed one, the root. The tongue is very flexible. It is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels. The tongue is essential to the production of speech, to the swallowing of food and to the sense of taste.
The soft and hard palate and salivary glands are in the oral cavity. The palate is the roof of the mouth. It consists of the hard palate in front, a bony structure covered with mucous membrane, and a soft palate, composed of nine small muscles, behind. The soft palate is a continuation of the soft tissues covering the hard palate. By changing the shape of the mouth, the soft palate is an important organ in the production of speech.
If you open the mouth, you will see the uvula. The uvula is a prolongation of the centre of the soft palate. It is the "little grape" of muscle tissue that hangs down from the roof of the mouth. It is part of the soft palate and an important organ for speech. On each side of the uvula there are tonsils.
The tonsils are a pair of almond-shaped lymphoid-tissue masses in the back of the throat. Sometimes they are large, sometimes are small. Like all lymph tissue, they release phagocytes that destroy bacteria. Sometimes, however, they themselves become overwhelmed with infection and are chronically diseased. This inflammation of the tonsils, called tonsillitis, is usually evidenced by a sore throat.
There are four glands, salivary glands, which secrete saliva. Sublingual gland lies under the tongue and submaxillary in the neck under the jaw. The two largest, called parotid glands and its little "auxiliary" lie between the cheek and a flat muscle band. The saliva is sent to the mouth through the duct.
The functions of the teeth are obvious: to chew food and mix it with saliva, to aid speech, and to maintain the position of the jaws. Primarily, the teeth are part of the digestive system. The food we choose to eat is cut by the teeth. The teeth get it ready for the stomach and intestines. If the teeth do their work well, the body is more likely to remain healthy, and if the body is healthy, the teeth are likely to remain strong.
Grammar
1. Make questions on the anatomical structure of the mouth.