- •1. Give the Russian variants to the following words and word combinations:
- •2. Read the text and try to organize the information according to the items:
- •Dentistry department of the Volgograd State Medical University
- •Text 1. Dental course in Great Britain.
- •Text 2. Dental course in the usa
- •Text I. Creighton University (the usa)
- •Text II. Baylor College of Dentistry
- •Text III. Harvard School of Dental Medicine
- •Text IV. Boston University School of Medicine
- •1. Pay attention to the following words and word combinations – the meaning of some of them in the language of medicine differs from that in every-day English.
- •Members of a dental team
- •2. Find all the verbs in the sentences and define their function.
- •Text I. Laboratory technicians.
- •Text II. Dental assistants
- •1. Speak on the use of pronouns some, any and their derivatives and find the examples in the text.
- •Dentistry advances
- •3. Summarize the information on the advances of dentistry, using the chart. What period was the turning point in the development of dentistry (from your point of view)? Prove it.
- •4. Read the text. Be ready to answer the questions. The bones of the skull.
- •1. Find the adjective in the text and explain how the degrees of comparison are formed.
- •2. State whether the predicate is used in Passive or Active Voice. Translate the sentences.
- •Alveolar Processes and Alveolar Bone
- •Oral cavity
- •2. Find the sentences with the verb to be. State its functions.
- •3. Look through the last paragraph of the text and find the Infinitives. State their function.
- •Hard Palate, Soft Palate and Pharynx
- •Lips and cheeks
- •1. Essential Vocabulary
- •Anatomical Structure of the Tooth
- •Tooth development
- •The Teeth
- •Human Dentition
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •7. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Find the Participles and translate the sentences:
- •2. Translate the following sentences from the text, pay attention to ing-forms translation. Define the part of speech and the function of the verb in the ing-form.
- •3. Differentiate between the ing-forms of verbs. Translate the sentences.
- •Table of Eruption of Teeth.
- •Text I. Tooth structures formation
- •Text II. Three periods of cementum deposition
- •Text III. The embryonal period of the oral cavity development.
- •Text IV. Development of the jaws
- •Text V. Development of the oral cavity as a whole
- •1. Try to guess what teeth are spoken about. Prove your point of view.
- •3. Imagine that you are a pedodontist. Tell a child’s mother about the eruption of teeth and possible alterations or abnormalities. Try to explain a significant role of the process.
- •1. Essential Vocabulary
- •2. Translate the word combinations:
- •3. Read the text and determine the sequence of the digestive processes occurring in the oral cavity. Digestion in the mouth. Mastication.
- •1. Find the examples of Gerund in the text, state the functions of the verbs.
- •2. Insert the prepositions where it is necessary:
- •3. Translate the sentences, define non-finite verb forms.
- •The chemical reduction of food
- •1. Remember the pronunciation and the meaning of the words and word combinations.
- •Anomalies of the oral cavity structures
- •1. Find in the text the verbs with prepositions (phrasal verbs), remember their meaning.
- •2. Use do or make to form fixed phrases. Put the words below into the correct column.
- •3. Read the text and choose one of the answers to fit each space. Essential skills for life
- •Text I. A little patient with a cleft lip and palate
- •Text II. Malocclusion in children
- •Text I. Occlusal interferences and occlusal harmony
- •Text II. Facial clefts
- •Text III. Oral structures anomalies in ancient times
- •Harmful habits
- •1. Find the examples of the Infinitive and Gerund in the text, explain the reasons for their use.
- •2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb – Infinitive or Gerund.
- •Text I. Bruxism
- •Treatment of bruxism
- •Text II. Thumb-sucking and pacifier use may damage children's teeth
- •Text I. Eating habits - the rules or prejudices?
- •Text II. A bibliographical survey of bruxism
- •Incidence of bruxism
- •Text III. Stained teeth
- •Text IV. What effect does diet have on my oral health?
- •Normal flora of the mouth and upper respiratory tract
- •Text I. Caries-producing microorganisms
- •Text II. Microbiological aspects of caries prevention
- •Text I. Bacteria from gum infections are associated with diabetes and chronic lung disease.
- •Text II. Bad teeth and gums may exacerbate existing lung problems.
- •Text III. Tea fights cavities, reduces plaque
- •Text IV. The suspected link between mothers’ gum disease and the health of her offspring.
- •1. Make a report on the microbiological basis of dental health.
- •2. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Prove your point of view with the facts presented in the texts of the Unit.
- •Preventive dentistry
- •Text I. The influence of xylitol
- •Text II. Fluorine and teeth
- •Text III. Health education programme for mothers with young children
- •Text I. Flossing is still best for oral health care
- •Text II. Dental check-ups for children
- •Text III. The role of fluoride in dentistry
- •The Noun (Имя существительное)
- •1. Подлежащее
- •2. Сказуемое
- •3. Дополнение
- •4. Обстоятельство
- •5. Определение
- •The Article (Артикль)
- •The Pronoun (Местоимение)
- •Производные от some, any, no, every
- •Слова – заместители существительных
- •The Adjective (Имя прилагательное), The Adverb (Наречие)
- •The Numeral (Имя числительное)
- •The Verb (Глагол)
- •Voice (залог):
- •Основные функции глагола to do
- •Времена группы Indefinite Present Indefinite Active (Настоящее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Past Indefinite Active (Прошедшее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Future Indefinite Active (Будущее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Модальные глаголы Модальные глаголы can, may, must
- •Passive Voice (Страдательный залог)
- •Общее правило образования отрицательной и вопросительной формы сказуемого
- •Времена группы Perfect
- •Функции глагола to have
- •Времена группы Continuous Active
- •Времена группы Perfect Continuous Active
- •Неличные формы глагола
- •Infinitive (инфинитив)
- •Инфинитивные обороты
- •Participle I (Причастие действительного залога)
- •Participle II (Причастие страдательного залога)
- •Gerund (Герундий)
Text I. Bacteria from gum infections are associated with diabetes and chronic lung disease.
University at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine
Diabetes and chronic lung disease can be added to the growing list of systemic diseases and conditions associated with bacteria from infected gums, new studies from the University at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine have shown. The findings from both studies were presented at the combined meeting of the American Association of Dental Research and International Association of Dental Research.
To investigate the association of periodontal disease with diabetes, a research team headed by Sara G. Grossi, D.D.S., UB senior research scientist, concentrated on insulin resistance, a known precursor of active diabetes, in which cells do not absorb insulin from the blood stream. As their study group, the researchers used 11,198 non-diabetic participants between the ages of 20 and 90 who had at least six natural teeth. They assessed information on periodontal status, defined as degree of gum detachment from bone, along with fasting-insulin and fasting-glucose levels, which were combined to establish an index of insulin resistance.
Analysis showed that the index of insulin resistance increased as severity of periodontal disease increased. The relationship was not affected by age, gender, body-mass index (a measure of obesity) or smoking. Results showed that those with severe periodontal disease (gum detachment), have a higher index of insulin resistance than those with little or no disease. "Gram-negative periodontal infections are significantly associated with insulin resistance in non-diabetics," Grossi said. "We know that when diabetics have an acute infection, their diabetes goes out of control. Gram-negative bacteria produce a very potent toxin called LPS, which probably interferes with the action of insulin and is responsible for maintaining a chronic state of insulin resistance in people with gum infections," she said.
The study on the relationship between periodontal infection and chronic lung disease was designed to follow up earlier reports of a link between poor oral hygiene, gum disease and chronic lung disease. Frank Scannapieco, D.M.D, Ph.D., assistant professor of oral biology, analyzed data from 13,792 adults concerning the incidence of pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis and/or emphysema and the condition of their oral health, using degree of gum detachment from bone as an indicator.
Results showed that persons with chronic lung conditions had more gum detachment than those with no lung disease. There also was a direct correlation between the amount of detachment and lung-disease risk. Subjects with gum detachment that exceeded 2 mm had a 40 percent greater risk of developing lung disease than those with attachment loss of less than 2 mm, results showed.
Text II. Bad teeth and gums may exacerbate existing lung problems.
University at Buffalo, N.Y.
Chronic lung-disease sufferers should be especially fastidious about brushing and flossing their teeth. That is the message delivered in a study just published in the Journal of Periodontology conducted by oral biologists from the University at Buffalo, N.Y. The researchers found an association between chronic respiratory disease and periodontal disease in an analysis of data from a large national database, the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, known as NHANES III. The results add to a growing body of evidence that poor oral health is linked to a number of chronic diseases.
Frank Scannapieco, D.M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of oral biology in UB's School of Dental Medicine and a group of researchers found that the mechanism linking oral health and lung disease isn't clear, but that bacteria in the mouth likely are to blame. "Accumulation of disease-causing organisms associated with gum disease may increase the risk for serious lower-respiratory-tract infection in susceptible subjects," said Scannapieco. "It is possible that bacteria that normally stick to the teeth are sloughed into the saliva and may be breathed into the upper airways, changing that environment and paving the way for other germs to infect the lower airways. Oral conditions work together with other factors, such as smoking, environmental pollutants, allergies and genetics to make existing lung problems worse."
Questionnaires completed by participants included items about their history of respiratory disease. The physical examination measured each person's forced expiratory volume (FEV1), or how much air a person can blow out in one second, a measure of lung health and function. A dental examination assessed the loss of gum attachment supporting the teeth, amount of gum bleeding, number of cavities and number of teeth.
Analyzing these two sets of data for a relationship, the researchers found that lung function appeared to diminish as the amount of gum-attachment loss increased. Results also showed a decline in respiratory function as oral health worsened. "We aren't saying that if you don't brush, you'll develop lung disease," said Scannapieco. "We're saying that if you already have lung disease, taking care of your teeth and gums is especially important. It's possible that improved oral health is one factor that may help prevent progression of this disease, which is responsible for 2.2 million deaths a year worldwide."