Сложное подлежащее

COMPLEX SUBJECT

Сложное подлежащее – это конструкция, которая выступает как подлежащее к основному сказуемому. В ней инфинитив или причастие имеют при себе существительное (в общем падеже) или местоимение (в именительном падеже), обозначающее действующее лицо. Cказуемоe может быть выражено:

1) глаголом в страдательном залоге;

2) глаголами to seem (казаться), to prove (оказываться), to happen (случаться) и др.;

3) выражениями: to be likely (вероятно), to be unlikely (маловероятно), to be certain (определенно) и др.

Перевод предложений со сложным подлежащим следует начинать со сказуемого, которое переводится на русский язык безличным или неопределенно-личным предложением (говорят, считают, полагают, кажется, случается и т.д.).

Например, сравните:

He is said to know six languages.

Говорят, что он знает шесть языков.

He was said to know six languages.

Говорили, что он знает шесть языков.

He is said to have gone toLondon.

Говорят, что он уехал в Лондон.

He was said to have gone toLondon.

Говорили, что он уехал в Лондон.

1. Запомните сказуемые, выраженные в Passive Voice:
… was said to … … was seen to … … was heard to … … was supposed to … … was believed to … … was expected to … … was reported to … … was considered to … … was thought to … … was found to … … was announced to … … was known to …	Говорили, что … Видели, что … Слышали, что … Предполагали, что … Полагали, что … Ожидали, что … Сообщали, что … Считали, что … Думали, что … Обнаружили, что … Объявили, что … Было известно, что …

Упр. 236. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сложное подлежащее.

1. Many books are known to be published in our country every year. 2. You are supposed to graduate in four years. 3. Mr Ross is said to be a millionaire. 4. Two prisoners were thought to have escaped. 5. His invention is considered to be of great importance. 6. The fire is known to have started late last night. 7. A new law is expected to be introduced next year. 8. This law is supposed to open up more rights for drivers. 9. They are believed to own a lot of land in the north. 10. He’s supposed to have been arrested before. 11. The president is reported to be seriously ill. 12. He was said to be one of the most promising advocates. 13. He is said to be a good interpreter. 14. Roberta was known to be an honest and hard-working girl. 15. Clyde was expected to arrive at the weekend. 16. The number of unemployed is reported to be increasing with every year. 17. Many new textbooks are expected to be published soon. 18. The Moscow Underground is said to be the finest in the world. 19. The man was seen to take off his coat. 20. A hare is known to run very fast. 21. That village is known to be situated on the Angara River. 22. Taxes are expected to be reduced soon.

2. Следующие глаголы в предложениях, содержащих

Complex Subject, употребляются в Active Voice:

to seem, to appear, to turn out, to happen

Упр. 237. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сложное подлежащее.

1. Money just doesn’t happen to interest me. 2. In the middle of the lecture Dr. Cron happened to pause and look out of the window. 3. It turned out that they knew my parents well. 4. Clyde seemed to have been thinking of no one else but Sondra since their last meeting. 5. Clyde appeared to have forgotten of his promise to spend his spare evenings with Roberta. 6. She appeared to be an excellent actress. 7. The flat seemed to be in excellent condition. 8. You appear to have found in him something that I have missed. 9. This work seems to take much time. 10. The operation seemed to be a complicated one. 11. The new methods of work appeared to be very effective. 12. My new pen-friend turned out to be a long, pale-faced fellow. 13. His office turned out to be in one of the back streets. 14. He appeared to be an ideal husband. 15. She doesn’t seem to want to do anything I suggest. 16. He turned out to have no feeling whatever for his nephew. 17. This appeared to amuse the policeman. 18. You can easily get in through the window if the door happens to be locked. 19. The witnesses did not seem to see her. 20. “Jim,” he said at last, in a voice that did not seem to belong to him. 21. I happened to be there at that time.

Упр. 238. Замените придаточное предложение сложным подлежащим, как показано в примере.

1. It seems that you know everything.  You seem to know evyrithing.

2. It seems that you have forgotten everything.  You seem to have forgotten everything.

1. It seems that you have read everything. 2. It seems that he has recorgnized us now. 3. It seemed that she was trying to remember who I was. 4. It seemed that they had understood what I meant. 5. It happened that I knew some of these guests. 6. It happens that I have met him before. 7. It turned out that they knew my relatives. 8. It turned out that he was reading at that time. 9. It appeared that he was thinking of something and had not noticed me enter. 10. It seems that he has learnt the poem. 11. It seemed that he was dreaming about something. 12. It is certain that you know this person. 13. It is likely that the rain will stop soon. 14. It appeared that he was losing patience. 15. It appeared that they have lost the way. 16. It seems they know all about it. 17. It seems they have heard all about it. 18. It seems that you don’t approve the idea. 19. It turned out that the language of the article was quite easy. 20. It turned out that my prediction was correct. 21. It happened that I was present at the opening session. 22. It seemed that the discussion was coming to an end.

3. Запомните следующие предложения, содержащие Complex Subject.

He is likely to come. – Похоже, что он придет.

He is unlikely to come. – Маловероятно, что он придет.

He is sure to come. – Он обязательно придет.

Упр. 239. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сложное подлежащее.

1. This young man is unlikely to have committed a crime. 2. Most of us want many good things that we are not likely to get. 3. You are sure to know this police officer. 4. As he young, he is likely to forget about all that soon. 5. He has changed greatly. You are not likely to recognize him. 6. You are sure to enjoy the performance. 7. It is unlikely to rain tonight. 8. He is certain to win the game. 9. Russian fans are sure to visit Olympic Games. 10. You are sure to remember this film. 11. The expedition is not likely to return before winter. 12. There is likely to be a lot of trouble tomorrow. 13. Don’t worry: everything is sure to turn out all right. 14. This new course of treatment is sure to help your granny. 15. These two young people are sure to be very close friends. 16. He is sure to give us some useful information. 17. If we go on arguing, we are sure to quarrel. 18. My father is sure to be back soon. 19. He is likely to be late. 20. They are unlikely to get married. 21. Our group is likely to go abroad together. 22. She is likely to fall in love.

Упр. 240. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сложное подлежащее.

1. Твой друг, кажется, очень интересуется древней историей. 2. Он, кажется, пишет новую статью. 3. Вы, кажется, устали. 4. Говорят, что он знает английский язык в совершенстве. 5. Говорят, что он знал английский язык в совершенстве. 6. Говорили, что он знает английский язык в совершенстве. 7. Говорили, что он знал английский язык в совершенстве. 8. Похоже, что он сдаст экзамен успешно. 9. Похоже, что он сдал экзамен успешно. 10. Маловероятно, что он сдаст экзамен успешно. 11. Маловероятно, что он сдал экзамен успешно.12. Он обязательно сдаст экзамен успешно. 13. Он оказался хорошим спортсменом. 14. Он оказался надежным другом. 15. Он оказался высококвалифи-цированным юристом. 16. Говорят, что это здание было построено в 19 веке. 17. Говорили, что это здание было построено в 19 веке. 18. Говорят, что это здание будет построено в следующем году.

ГЕРУНДИЙ / ОТГЛАГОЛЬНОЕ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ

GERUND / VERBAL NOUN

Образуются от основы смыслового глагола путем прибавления формы -ing.

Gerund Verbal Noun

Значение	Выражает факт или процесс действия	Выражает процесс действия
Свойства	Обладает свойствами существительного и глагола: имеет формы времени и залога; не изменяется по числам; не употребляется с артиклем; сопровождается наречием: I can’t stand reading aloud; сочетается с существительным в притяжательном падеже, притяжательным местоимением, предлогом: the officer’s detecting, his detecting, after detecting	не имеет форм времени и залога; изменяется по числам: I like my surroundings; имеет артикль: Colleges give a special training; может сопровождаться прилагательным: Ceaseless humming of bees – Непрерывное жужжание пчел
Перевод	именем существительным, неопределенной формой глагола, деепричастием, придаточным предложением	отглагольным существительным
Функции	1. Подлежащее: Patrolling is one of the crime preventive methods. Патрулирование – один из методов профилактики преступлений. 2. Часть сказуемого: An arrest is taking a person into custody. Арест – это взятие лица под стражу. 3. Дополнение: I am proud of being a freshman of the Law Institute of the MVD. Я горжусь тем, что я первокурсник юридического института МВД. 4. Определение (после of, for): There are different methods of solving a crime. Существуют различные методы раскрытия преступления. 5. Обстоятельство: After being identified the criminal was arrested. Преступник был арестован после того, как установили его линость.	1. Подлежащее: The brushing of her hair is not an easy task. Расчесывание ее волос – нелегкая задача. 2. Дополнение: Colleges give a specialized training. Колледжи предлагают специализированное обучение.

Запомните следующие глаголы и выражения, обычно требующие после себя герундия
to avoid	to mind (в вопросит. и отрицат. редложениях)	to put off
to deny	to give up	to practice
to dislike	to excuse	to postphone
to discuss	can’t stand	to prevent from
to enjoy	to keep (on)	to risk
to feel like	to miss	to thank for
to finish	to mention	to think of
to hate	to involve	to understand

Упр. 241. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление герундия.

1. He has finished doing his homework. 2. We stopped playing tennis because it started raining. 3. Did you enjoy visiting the British Museum? 4. My elder sister hates flying, but I love planes. 5. My father has given up smoking. 6. We must do something. We can’t go on living like this. 7. They denied stealing money. 8. He tried to avoid answering my question. 9. Hello! Fancy seeing you here! What a surprise! 10. I’m afraid, there is no denying that. 11. You’ll check it after his leaving. 12. He stopped paying fines. 13. My friend likes telling detective stories. 14. It’s no use proving his guilt. He is innocent. 15. My dream is going to the Black Sea. 16. Do you mind my writing with your pen? 17. He likes swimming and going on excursions as well. 18. Reading books out-of-doors is my favourite way of spending the summer holidays. 19. Watching a good film gives me a lot of pleasure. 20. What do you mean by saying that? 21. He insisted on visiting his friends regularly. 22. Forgive my interrupting you.

Co cледующими глаголами употребляется как герундий, так и инфинитив
to consider	to learn	to remember
to forget	to like	to stop
to go on	to mean	to teach
to imagine	to regret	to try

Упр. 242. Завершите предложения, используя герундий.

1. Do you realize the importance of … (learn foreign languages; follow traffic rules; protect nature; master one’s profession).

2. What are your reasons for … (study the law; accuse him of this crime; not tell the truth; change your furniture round; meet on Sunday).

3. Keep on … (be on a diet; study English grammar; get up early; fight crime; do sports; improve your education).

4. He finished … (knock at the door; quarrel with his elder sister; violate the parking rules; collect coins; go hiking).

5. I don’t mind … (spend the holiday with your parents; go out to dances; move to a new flat; rent an apartement; open the windows).

Упр. 243. Выберите и переведите предложения с герундием.

1. Preparing for the seminar I studied a lot of special literature. 2. At lunch we discussed the coming exams. 3. Having finished her work, she went home. 4. Reading judicial books is useful. 5. The boys continued playing football. 6. She was looking at the plane flying overhead. 7. It is no use going there now. 8. My greatest pleasure is travelling by car. 9. Mag will stop for a few weeks at the seaside before going back home. 10. She always helps her parents by doing the rooms and working in the garden. 11. Just imagine his coming first in the race. 12. She doesn’t agree to giving this information. 13. They insisted on coming with me. 14. Writing good compositions is not easy. 15. Asking him about anything is useless now. 15. I don’t mind sleeping with the windows open. 16. He answered without thinking. 17. Coming to the river, the tourists stopped for a rest. 18. While working at the text, I found a lot of mistakes. 19. She is fond of going to the theaters and concerts. 20. I am quite proud of having such relatives. 21. The book is well worth reading. 22. There was no sense in waiting for them any longer.

Упр. 244. Выберите из скобок нужную форму глагола. Переведите предложения.

1. I learnt (to swim, swimming) at the age of six. 2. I often help (to prepare, preparing) lunch at weekends. 3. He doesn’t practise (to speak, speaking) English as regularly as he should. 4. I don’t mind (to work, working) late, if it helps at all. 5. I really don’t feel like (to go, going) out tonight. Do you? 6. Do you prefer (to be, being) an investigator or an operative of the CID? 7. They decided (to break, breaking) into the house and (to steal, stealing) the money. 8. I can’t stand people (to cheat, cheating) at exams. 9. I enjoy (to swim, swimming) even though I’m not good at it. 10. I’ve given up (to go, going) to discos, because they’re too noisy. 11. He wanted (to read, reading) books by English writers. 12. My brother is very lazy, he likes (to do, doing) nothing. 13. If you cross the road without (to look, looking), you may be knocked down. 14. She denied (to sell, selling) illegal medicine. 15. Do you mind (to move, moving) your car, please? You’re blocking the road. 16. These young men get tired of (to live, living) in one place too long. 17. I was not surprised at (to hear, hearing) those words.

Упр. 245. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление отглагольных существительных.

1. The performing of those beautiful folk songs impressed me greatly. 2. Such doings can hardly be explained. 3. The building of this house will cost much money. 4. These happenings are remarkable. 5. The cleaning of the room was done by the girls. 6. He spent much time on the copying of his literature lectures. 7. The students found the reading of English newspapers rather difficult at first. 8. The reading of a good book gives me a lot of pleasure. 9. The building of this cottage began early in April. 10. We were in a hurry because only twenty minutes were left before the beginning of the concert.

Упр. 246. Выберите и переведите предложения с отглагольными существительными.

1. Going home from the Institute, the students were discussing the new lecturer they had met. 2. The translating of this article was done by our group. 3. They went out to meet the returning women. 4. You should think before speaking or doing something. 5. It’s good manners to apologize for being late. 6. The previous article was about the training of militia officers in Russia. 7. Sitting by her sleeping child, the worried mother at last began to realize by its peaceful breathing that all danger was over. 8. Collecting is one of the popular pastimes among young people. 9. The important part of her job is looking after the chidren. 10. Their meeting takes place twice a week. 11. He got a specialized training at our Institute. 12. I remember reading this article on literature. 13. This videofilm is about the training of the FBI agents in the USA. 14. I remember reading this article on Criminology. 15. I like being read to. 16. The forest resounded with the hooting of owls and the howling of wolves. 17. I couldn’t help laughing when I heard his answer.