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Lexica- grammatical exercises

III.Answer the following questions:

1.In which House does new legislation usually start?

2. What is a bill?

3. How does a bill become a law?

4. Who has the right of veto?

5. When finally does a bill become a law?

IV.Find in the text English equivalents for the following expressions:

щорічне звернення

непарний рік

законодавча влада

ініціювати новий законопроект

радитися

підпис президента

отримати більшість

V.Give antonyms to the following words:

to refuse, to continue, disagreement, similar, to approve, together, freedom, majority, objection, to recognize, differences, odd, accept, to overcome, to adopt.

VI.Make sentences of your own using a gerund after each of the following:

avoid, finish, interested, insist, instead of, tired, worth , cannot help, stop, prevent.

VII.Use each of the following in a separate sentence:

confer examine introduce approve

pass sign organize amend

VIII.Compare the studies of new legislation in Great Britain and in the USA.

IX.Read and translate. It is interesting to know.

1. Lobbyists. Often discussing Congress of the USA, the third chamber is mentioned. It’s a specific American phenomena called lobbies - big corporations, social organizations, foreign diplomats, who try to influence lawmaking process in their favor. This is done with the help of lobbyists. Practically lobbyism (backstage influence in legislation) has become legal, it means, that the passing of a bill can be prevented, if it doesn’t suit the interests of a definite group of big business. Lobbyists make themselves legislative councils. More and more people realize that legislation is shaped as much by the hidden influences, as by the public debates.

2. The membership of the House is 435 and of the Senate 100 two fro each state. The members of both bodies receive a basic salary plus cost- of- living increases. The are given allowances for staff salaries, apportioned in the Senate by state population. Additional allowances are provided for the rental of office space in the members’ home districts; office supplies and expenses; and free use of the mails, within allocated limits, for official business. Congress people also enjoy certain special privileges that were established through years of struggle in the English Parliament and embodied as a matter of course in American system. The cannot be arrested for civil offenses while Congress is in session ( although they can be arrested for crimes or breaches of the peace); they cannot be arrested or sued for anything they may say in speeches on the floor of either house. This “congressional immunity” from action for libel extends also to their utterances when they are off the floor conducting other congressional business. Though sometimes abused by individual congressmen, it is a precious right indispensable to the preservation of free legislative decision.

X.Match each word on the left with the appropriate definition on the right:

1) immune

a) action that improves conditions or effectiveness, removes unfairness, etc.

2)allowance

b) a half of a passage, not a room, which leads from the entrance to the rooms inside a building.

3) symbol

c) the act or action of preserving.

4) permanent

d) fixed regular pay each month, for a job esp. for workers of higher rank.

5) preservation

e) the action form, or method of ruling.

6) salary

f) unable to be harm because of special powers in oneself, protected (from).

7) reform

e) something esp. money, provided regularly.

8) government

g) a sign or object which represents a person, idea, etc.

9) lobby

h) lasting or intended to last for a long time or for ever.