- •Н.Ф. Соломчак, li. Озарко, н. В. Мойссснко english for oil and gas engineers
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- •6 Speak about general types of bits. Unit 6 Rroller Bits
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- •Unit 7 Diamond - Set Bits
- •Text 1 Diamond-Set Bits
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- •Describe hard-material bits of ithe cutting-abrasive action ty pe using Figure 7.4.
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- •Part 3 mud technology Unit 8 Purpose and Classification of Drilling Fluids
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- •Speak about four types of the drilling fluids.
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- •Unit 10 Chemical Agents for the Treatment of Water-Base Drilling Fluids
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- •Influence of Drilling Fluid on the Collecting Properties
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- •Unit 26 Choosing a Metltiod for Opening-up a Reservoir-Bed and an Arrangement of the Area in and around the Hole Face in Producing Wells
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- •Part 1
- •Supplement Text 1 Mud Fluids
- •Text 3 Mud System
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In nature a most abundant and cheap source of colloidal materials are certain varieties of clay. The multicomponent drilling fluids where such clays are used as colloidal fractions have been given the name of mud fluids or slurries.
The earth's cust contains a large number of argillaceous minerals which, except for rare cases, have a crystalline texture. These minerals differ both in their chemical composition and crystal lattice structure. As regards their composition the clayey minerals are alurnosilicates.
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Text 3 Drilling Fluid with Magnesium Hydrogel as Its Base
In drilling out chemogenic deposits wa er-soluble particles of sodium, potassium, magnesium chlorides and also of calcium sulphates enter the mud fluid. Investigatio-.is have shown that concentrated multi-component brines with high proportion of magnesium can be transformed into sedimentation-stable systems capable at rest to carry suspended panicles of drilled-out rocks. On treating such a brine with alkali NaOH or Са(ОН)г there develops a structurized system, known conventionally as magnesium hydrogel, which contains colloidal particles of magnesium oxychlorides, along with calcium sulphates and carbonates, as well as of other compounds and displays thixotropic properties. This type of drilling fluid may be used effectively in piercing chemogenic strata, intersaline and sometimes also subsaline deposits.
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Text 4 Natural Aqueous Suspension
In traversing nonargillaceous rocks (carbonaceous, sulphate, aleurolite) and argillites, the drilling fluid receives a certain quantity of finely dispersed solid particles and very few colloidal ones. With water used as drilling fluid, the developing aqueous suspension of drilled-out particles appears sedimentally unstable; it is devoid of the solids-carrying capacity at rest. A positi ve quality of such a suspension is the low sensitivity of the dispersed phase to the coagulating action of salts. Therefore, efforts are made in a number of cases to stabilize the naturally formed aqueous suspension of finally dispersed particles of the drilled-out rocks through introduction into it of certain structure-forming chemical reagents (starch, carboxymethyl-cellulose, humate agents, sulphate cellulose, etc.) and sometimes also a small amount of high-quality montmorillinite clay.
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аномалія, мікротріщина, турбулентний, виймання, бригада, недолік, обмежувати, впливати, зволожений стан, порода із тріщинами, припиняти, бурова колона, занести мулом, осад, галіт, вибурені шматки, глинисті частинки, навколишнє середовище, колоїдна фракція, стабільна суспензія, у стані спокою, при обробці, розбурювання, бути позбавленим чогось, коагулюючи дія.