- •Unit I
- •Language Work (I) If/when-clause (If/when I install …, it will result in … )
- •Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
- •Write a sentence with if/when … for each situation.
- •Answer the questions in the way shown.
- •Use your own ideas to complete the sentences.
- •Form verbs from the following words using the suffix – en and translate them: strength, broad, wide, tight, rough.
- •Translate the following international words without a dictionary. These words are often used in electronics.
- •Read and translate word-combinations starting from the first component.
- •Choose as many words from the table of ex. 1 as you can and form sensible sentences.
- •Specialist reading
- •Read the text “Semiconductors of n-type and p-type”. Mark the following sentences as true (t) or false (f).
- •Semiconductors of n-Type and p-Type
- •Complete the sentences with the correct ending according to the text.
- •Speaking
- •In groups describe semiconductors of n-type and p-type. Start your description like this:
- •Act as an interpreter. Translate the description of n-type and p-type- semiconductors given by your group mates from English into Russian.
- •Translate in writing another text about of n-type and p-type- semiconductors paying attention to new technical terms.
- •In Russian write a content-based summary of the text you have translated.
- •Translate this summary into English.
- •Language Work (II) If-clause (If I determined …, it would occur … )
- •I wish I determined…
- •(III) If-clause (If I had designed …, they would have set up … )
- •I wish I had designed…
- •Fill in the table.
- •Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
- •Write a sentence with if … for each situation.
- •Write your own sentences beginning I wish…
- •. Write sentences beginning I wish…
- •6. Put in wish(ed) or hope (d).
- •7. What do you say in these situations? Write sentences with I wish … would …
- •8. Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.
- •9. Put the verb into the correct form.
- •10. Translate the following international words without a dictionary.
- •Read and translate word-combinations.
- •Translate word-combinations.
- •Choose as many words from the table of ex. 1 as you can and form sensible sentences.
- •Specialist reading
- •Read the text “The p-n Junction”. Mark the following sentences as true (t) or false (f).
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Read the text “The p-n Junction“ again in your memory and answer the questions.
- •Speaking
- •Text b Joining p- and n-Type Germanium
- •Make a summary in Russian of the text you haven’t read.
- •Serve as a simultaneous interpreter of the summary stated above. Unit III
- •Language Work Forms of Participles
- •Predicative Constructions with Participles The Objective Participial Construction
- •The Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •Match the English sentences with their Russian equivalents. Define the forms of participles (Present/Past/Perfect/Active/Passive).
- •2. Translate the following sentences paying attention to Participle I.
- •3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the ways of translation of –ing-forms.
- •4. Translate paying attention to the ways of translation of -ed-forms.
- •Change the complex sentences given below according to the examples and translate them into Russian.
- •Choose the sentences with Participle I from the ones given below and translate them.
- •Analyse the following examples and translate them.
- •Read and translate the following international words paying attention to suffixes and prefixes:
- •Fill in the table.
- •Read the following words. What Russian words with analogue meaning do they resemble?
- •Form nouns of the following adjectives with the help of suffix -th and translate them.
- •Form nouns of the following adjectives with the help of suffix -ness and translate them.
- •Translate
- •Starting from the second component
- •Read and translate
- •Translate the following word-combinations. Compare the word-order in English with that in Russian:
- •Match the following sentences with their translation:
- •Choose a correct modal verb.
- •Specialist reading
- •Read the text “The Forward-Biased p-n Junction” only once. How much can you remember? Answer these questions without additional reading.
- •Study the text and translate the following:
- •Say word-combinations in bold in turn. Each next student repeats the word-combinations of the previous ones. The last student repeats everything.
- •Fill in the gaps.
- •Speaking
- •In Russian write a content-based summary of the text you have translated.
- •Make a reverse written translation (from Russian into English) of your summary.
- •Find more information about different types of junctions and tell your group mates. Unit IV
- •Language Work Forms of the Gerund
- •Gerundial Construction
- •1. Match the English sentences with their Russian equivalents. Define the forms of the Gerund (Indefinite/Perfect/Active/Passive). Analyze the methods of translating the Gerund.
- •2. Translate paying attention to the ways of translation of –ing forms.
- •Translate paying attention to the ways of translation of –ing and -ed forms. Robot Building
- •Translate. Use: то, что, того, что, что, чтобы, который, etc. Where possible.
- •Fill in the table.
- •Read the following words. What Russian words with analogue meaning do they resemble?
- •Translate starting from the first component
- •Match the English variant with Russian equivalents.
- •Read and translate.
- •Translate paying attention to the Infinitive Construction.
- •Match English and Russian equivalents.
- •Specialist reading
- •15. Study the text and translate the following:
- •Look at the English variant of the words of the previous exercise for 30 seconds, divide into three groups and see which group can remember more.
- •Complete the following sentences.
- •Speaking
- •22. In Russian write a content-based summary of the text you have translated.
- •23. Make a reverse written translation (from Russian into English) of your summary.
- •24. Find more information about the operation of different devices and tell your group mates.
- •The Complex Subject
- •The Complex Subject
- •1. Fill in the table.
- •2. Here are some suffixes to make an adjective. Translate them into Russian.
- •4. Divide the words into four columns according to their part of speech (verb, noun, adjective, adverb).
- •5. Put in the missing words, using the words from the table above:
- •6. Choose the appropriate English equivalents.
- •7. Read and translate word-combinations starting from the first component:
- •8. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the Infinitive.
- •9. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Infinitive.
- •10. These two sentences have a different structure but the same meaning. Change the structure of the sentences below so as to keep their meaning unchanged.
- •12. Choose the appropriate equivalents.
- •13. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive.
- •15. Choose the correct translation for the underlined part of the sentence.
- •16. Match the beginnings of the sentences with their ends. Pay attention to the verbs used with the Complex Subject.
- •17. Choose the sentences with the Complex Subject, translate them into Russian.
- •18. Match the following sentences with their translation.
- •19. Choose as many words from the table оf ex. 1 as you can and form sensible sentences with the Complex Object/Subject.
- •Specialist reading
- •20. Read the text “Junction Transistors” only once. How much can you remember? Answer these questions without additional reading.
- •If you failed try to answer these questions again after doing the exercises given below the text.
- •21. Read the text again and complete the sentences.
- •Speaking
- •24. Divide into 2 groups. Group 1 translates Extract a and group 2 – extract b of the text with a dictionary in writing.
- •The Transistor
- •Of Interest: Reflector-Satellites
- •Unit VI
- •Language Work
- •1. Fill in the table.
- •2. Divide the words into four columns according to their part of speech (verb, noun, adjective, adverb).
- •3. Choose the appropriate equivalents.
- •4. Put in the missing words, using the words from the table above:
- •5. Match the words with the opposite meaning.
- •6. Cross out the odd word. All the words in the line should belong to one part of speech.
- •7. Read and translate the following word-combinations.
- •8. Read and translate word-combinations starting from the first component.
- •9. Match the following word-combinations with their translation.
- •10. Explain why these things happen. Remember that to is never used after let and make in the Active Voice.
- •11. A) What do these people want others to do for them? Fill in the table. Remember that The Complex Object is translated into Russian beginning with words чтобы, что, как.
- •12. These two sentences have a different structure but the same meaning. Change the structure of the sentences below so as to keep their meaning unchanged.
- •13. Restore the original sentences.
- •14. Translate the sentences into English paying attention to the Complex Object.
- •15. Replace the following group of sentences by a sentence with a for-phrase subject.
- •16. Complete the following sentences by adding for-phrases to them.
- •Specialist reading
- •18. Read the text “Integrated Circuits” and fill in the table.
- •Ic holders (dil sockets)
- •Static precautions
- •19. Read the text again and complete the sentences.
- •Speaking
- •21. Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue, using the following questions and answers.
- •23. Divide into 2 groups. Group 1 translates Extract a and group 2 – extract b of the text “What Is an Integrated Circuit” with a dictionary in writing.
- •Unit VII
- •Language Work Modal Verbs
- •1. Fill in the table.
- •2. Put in the missing words, using the words from the table above.
- •4. Divide the words into four columns according to their part of speech (verb, noun, adjective, adverb).
- •Make up nouns of the following verbs:
- •Give the opposite to:
- •6. Choose the appropriate English equivalents.
- •7. The students are at the seminar on metal technology. Listen to their discussion and learn what properties copper has and where it can be used. Insert the appropriate modal verbs.
- •9. Complete the dialogues using the phrases for asking and giving permission.
- •10. Find words formed from the first word in the line.
- •11. Restore the original sentences.
- •12. Say what these people could do in the past.
- •13. Give advice to your friend in the following situations. Use the modal verb should.
- •14. Use the following statements in the past and future.
- •15. Ask your scientific supervisor to explain what can happen to these engineering materials.
- •16. Your partner is an Instructor in the lab. Ask him if you may perform the following actions. Work in pairs.
- •17. Your friend wanted to do a lot of things at the practical class yesterday. Ask him if he was allowed to do all of them.
- •18. Discuss with your friend which of these things may be done.
- •19. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
- •20. Choose as many words from the table оf ex. 1 as you can and form sensible sentences, using Modal Verbs.
- •Specialist reading
- •If you failed try to answer these questions again after doing the exercises given below the text.
- •Speaking
- •25. Divide into 2 groups. Group 1 translates Extract a and group 2 – extract b of the text “Welding” with a dictionary in writing.
- •Unit VIII
- •Language Work The Article (a/an; the)
- •Remember!
- •Word-substitutes
- •Correct the sentences where necessary. Some of these sentences need a/an.
- •Complete the sentences using the following. Use the where necessary.
- •Fill in the gaps with articles a/an, the where necessary.
- •Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Mind the usage of articles.
- •Use set expressions given in the grammatical table above to complete the following sentences.
- •Find sentences where that (those) are in the function of word-substitutes.
- •Translate the following sentences in writing paying attention to the translation of the word that.
- •Read the text. Is it obligatory to translate the word ones? Design by Computer
- •Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the meaning of the word one.
- •Translate the sentences. Mind the words that, one, those.
- •Specialist reading
- •Intrinsic Silicon
- •Read the text about intrinsic silicon. Mark the following sentences as true (t) or false (f).
- •New, Unusual Semiconductor is a Switch-Hitter
- •Work in groups. Group 1 summarize everything that you know about semiconductors. Group 2 the same about computers.
- •Give interesting facts that you know in the sphere of physics, electronics, mathematics etc. Your group mate will act as an interpreter from Russian into English.
- •Text b Communicating Through the Earth Part II
- •In Russian write a content-based summary of the text you have translated.
- •Make a summary translation of the text you haven’t read.
- •Make an oral summary in English of the whole text.
Say word-combinations in bold in turn. Each next student repeats the word-combinations of the previous ones. The last student repeats everything.
Fill in the gaps.
If a battery is connected … in the direction shown in the figure of ex. 21, holes are … the positive end of the crystal and are … the junction; and electrons are repelled from the negative end of the crystal and also drift towards the junction. This … and electrons … the junction reduces both the … the depletion layer and the … the potential barrier, and the … is said to be forward biased. … in the height of the potential barrier allows majority charge carriers of lower energy to cross the junction and since the minority charge carrier current…, there is a net majority charge carrier … across the junction from the P-type region to the N-type region. This current increases very rapidly with … in the forward … voltage.
The holes drifting through the P-tуре region towards the P-N junction may be considered to have been … by the positive terminal of the battery. Some of these holes may … with electrons diffusing across the junction in the other direction and so the hole current across the junction is slightly less than the injected hole current. After they have passed across the junction the holes recombine with the … in the N-type region and the electrons that have not recombined cross the junction. The total current is the sum of the electron and hole currents and is constant … the crystal. The current … the P-type region as a hole current and … the N-type region as an electron current.
Choose some sentences from the text and transform them using Predicative Constructions with Participles.
For example: If a battery is connected across the crystal, holes are repelled from the positive end of the crystal and are caused to drift towards the junction. – A battery having been connected across the crystal, holes are repelled from the positive end of the crystal and are caused to drift towards the junction.
Speaking
Summarize the text “The Forward-Biased P-N Junction” in 150 words using at least 4 cases of Predicative Constructions with Participles.
Act as an interpreter.
Translate the summary given by your group-mates from English into Russian.
Give a reverse translation of the summary (from Russian into English).
Translate the text “Reverse Biase” with a dictionary in writing paying attention to the use of Participial Constructions.
The term “reverse biased” is considered to be referred to how a diode is used in a circuit. A diode being reverse biased, the voltage at the cathode is higher than that at the anode. Therefore, no current will flow until the diode breaks down. Connecting the P-type region to the negative terminal of the battery and the N-type region to the positive terminal corresponds to reverse bias.
The P-type material having being connected to the negative terminal of the power supply, the 'holes' in the P-type material are pulled away from the junction, causing the width of the depletion zone to increase. Similarly, the N-type region being connected to the positive terminal, the electrons will also be pulled away from the junction. Therefore we see the depletion region widening, and it does so increasingly with increasing reverse-bias voltage. This increases the voltage barrier causing a high resistance to the flow of charge carriers thus allowing minimal electric current to cross the p–n junction.
The strength of the depletion zone electric field increased, the reverse-bias voltage increases. Once the electric field intensity increases beyond a critical level, the p–n junction depletion zone breaks-down and current begins to flow, usually by either the Zener or avalanche breakdown processes. Both of these breakdown processes are non-destructive and are reversible, as long as the amount of current flowing does not reach levels that cause the semiconductor material to overheat and cause thermal damage.
This effect is used to one's advantage in Zener diode regulator circuits. Zener diodes have a certain - low - breakdown voltage. A standard value for breakdown voltage is for instance 5.6V. This means that the voltage at the cathode can never be more than 5.6V higher than the voltage at the anode, because the diode will break down - and therefore conduct - if the voltage gets any higher. This effectively regulates the voltage over the diode.
Another application where reverse biased diodes are used is in Varicap diodes. The width of the depletion zone of any diode changes with voltage applied. This varies the capacitance of the diode.