Global warming

It’s time to get serious, because the world is on the brink of catastrophic climate change. We are pouring carbon dioxide into the atmosphere much faster than plants and oceans can absorb it. Carbon dioxide and other gases warm the surface of the planet naturally by trapping heat from the sun in our atmosphere. It’s actually good, because it keeps our planet habitable. However, by burning fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil we have dramatically increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere and temperatures are rising fast.

Most scientists agree that global warming is very dangerous. We are already witnessed some changes:

• An average temperature around the world is rising

• Arctic ice is quickly melting. Polar bears and other animals are suffering from the loss of sea ice.

• Glaciers and mountains snows are quickly disappearing.

• The number of strong hurricanes over the ocean has almost doubled in the last 30 years.

• The number of heat waves, droughts and wildfire is increasing.

• At least 279 kinds of plants and animals are moving closer to the pole, responding to global warming.

If our planet continues to get warmer the sea levels will rise and some cities on the coast will disappeared under the water. Polar bears and other animals will die out. The climate will get hotter and drier. Many lakes and rivers will dry up. There will be more heat waves, droughts and wildfire. Hurricanes, tornado and other storms will become more common.

But, there are lots of things you can do to help our planet to survive. Even small changes to your daily life can really help. You can use energy-saving light bulbs. Put on sweater when you are cold instead of turning up the heater. Try to use reusable shopping bags. Walking or cycling is less harmful for our planet, than traveling by car. If you have a garden, put your organic waste in a compost heap. And finally, plant a tree. A single tree will absorb one tone of carbon dioxide over its lifetime.

Exercise 12: Discuss in a dialogues:

1. What is global warming?

2. Is it a real problem or just a new myth?

3. Is global warming dangerous?

4. What may happen with our planet?

5. Can you do anything to save the planet?

Grammar review:

Modal Verbs

Модальные глаголы не обозначают действие или состояние, а лишь передают отношение говорящего к действию. Они показывают, что говорящий рассматривает действие как возможное, желательное, необходимое, сомнительное, допустимое, требуемое, запрещенное, принудительное и т.д.

Модальные глаголы сочетаются с инфинитивом смыслового глагола без частицы to

(исключение ought to). Всего в английском языке 10 модальных глаголов: can/could, may/ might, must, need, ought to, shall, should, will, would, need, dare.

Модальные глаголы отличаются от других глаголов тем, что не изменяются по лицам, у них нет неличных форм (инфинитива, причастия и герундия). В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях они употребляются без вспомогательного глагола. Исключение составляет модальный глагол need, который в современном английском языке все чаще употребляется со вспомогательными глаголами: I don’t need; Do/Did you need…?

Употребление:

prediction of future events (прогноз на будущее)	will, shall	What will it be like, living in the next century? We’ll all be dead in a hundred years.
personal intention (личное намерение)	will, shall	I’ll be back in a minute. We shall overcome all the difficulties.
willingness, wish (желание)	will/would, shall	Will you help me with my work? Will he come? Shall I give you a hand?
ability (способность)	can, could	I can speak Chinese, but I can’t write it. Could you close the window, please?
permission (разрешение)	can/could, may/might	Can I have another piece of cake? Could I leave early tonight? May I have a word with you?
unreality, hypothesis (предположение)	would, should	I would like to travel round the world. What would you do if you won a lot of money? Should he protest, what would you say?
possibility (вероятность)	may/might, can/could	She might not go to Paris tomorrow. They may be meeting her. Where can they be? It could be dangerous. Learning English can be fun.
certainty (предположение, близкое к уверенности)	must, can’t, will/ won’t	He must have graduated years ago. We can’t be all together. They’ll be back by now.
obligation, requirement (обязательство, требование)	must, have to, need	You must finish this job by tomorrow. I didn’t have to get up early this morning. You needn’t have bought me a present.
desirability (желательность)	should, ought to	You should give up smoking. We ought to go to that new Japanese restaurant sometime.
probability (возможность)	should, ought to	Their meeting should be over now. He ought to be home by 5 o’clock today.

Практические задания:

1. Is the sentence right or wrong? :

a. I do it later.

b. She might not come to the party.

c. May I ask a question?

d. When I was young, I can run very fast.

e. Could you open the door, please?

2. Make the sentences negative:

a. He can speak Italian.

b. We might go to the cinema.

c. They need hurry.

d. You must keep a secret.

e. She can have got my message.

3. Ask the questions to the sentences:

a. You could live in a big city.

b. Things couldn’t be better.

c. He might be having lunch.

d. You could have left your bag in the shop.

e. It may not be true.

4. Use must, mustn’t, or needn’t :

a. We have got plenty of time. We _________ hurry.

b. I have enough food at home, so I _________ go shopping today.

c. Mum gave me a letter to post. I ________ forget to post it.

d. We haven’t got much time. We ________ hurry.

e. The house I’d like to buy ______ have a nice garden.

5. Translate into English:

a. Возьми зонт. Возможно, будет дождь.

b. Он вынужден много работать.

c. Вы не должны опаздывать на занятия.

d. Можно мне войти?

e. Могу я Вам позвонить?

Attributive sentences

(Определительные предложения)

Предложения в английском языке бывают простые и сложные.

Простые предложения содержать одну основу, сложные – две и более грамматические основы. Сложные предложения, состоящие из равноправных простых предложений, называются сложносочиненными. Сложные предложения, в которых одно простое предложение подчинено другому по смыслу, называются сложноподчиненными. В сложноподчиненном предложении одно предложение - главное, а другое придаточное. Придаточное предложение имеет функцию какого-либо члена главного предложения и присоединяется к нему при помощи подчинительных союзов (that, whether,if), союзных слов (who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why) или без союза.

Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

The book she gave me is very interesting.

Определительные предложения, как правило, входят в состав сложного предложения и являются придаточными. Они выполняют функцию определения и отвечают на вопрос какой?(What? Which?). Они могут соединяться с главным предложением с помощью союзных слов (местоимений и наречий): who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where ,why.

The man who was here yesterday is a well-known artist.

Определительные предложения бывают:

• Индивидуализирующие (описывают индивидуальный признак лица или предмета)

The boy who lives next door is my son’s friend.

• Классифицирующие (причисляют к какому-либо классу лиц или предметов)

Children who live by the water usually begin to swim at an early age.

• Описательные (служат для описания лиц или предметов и сообщения им дополнительных признаков)

In the street I met a postman who showed me the way to your house.

Relative clause

Relative clauses tell us more about people and things.

Defining relative clause:

The man who started Microsoft is now very rich. (It identifies the man we are talking about.)

• We use defining relative clauses to add essential information to a sentence.

• We use these relative pronouns to introduce a defining relative clause:

	To refer to people	To refer to things
Subject	who, that	which, that
Object	(who, that whom)	(which, that)
Possessive	whose	whose

• We can omit the relative pronoun when it is the object of the relative clause

• We don’t use commas.

Non-defining relative clause:

Bill Gates, who started Microsoft, is now very rich. (It just gives extra information)

• We use non-defining relative clauses to add non-essential information to a sentence.

• We use these relative pronouns to introduce a non-defining relative clause:

	To refer to people	To refer to things
Subject	who	which
Object	who ,whom	which
Possessive	whose	whose

• We usually use commas to separate a non-defining relative clause from the rest of the sentences.

• We can’t use that as a relative pronoun.

• We can’t leave out the relative pronoun.

Study the examples:

Have you got the book which I lent you?

There’s the man who stole my car!

This is the phone that I got for Birthday.

Tom, whose father is a professor, is in trouble with his exams.

I still remember the moment when I saw her for the first time.

England, where football began, has strong football teams.

That’s the man to whom I gave the money.