Conditionals

There are many different kinds of sentence using if. You have to decide whether you’re talking about the past, the present or future. You also have to decide whether you’re talking about a real possibility or an unreal possibility (unlikely, impossible or hypothetical)

Real possibility, present and future

Zero conditional: if + present tense….present tense

This is used to talk about general truths and scientific facts.

If you read a lot, you learn lots of vocabulary.

If you are cooking, you need to use vegetables.

First conditional: if + present tense…will +bare infinitive

This is used to talk about real possibilities in the present, in the future, or generally.

If you read a lot, you will learn lots of vocabulary.

You will need a good dictionary if you are learning foreign language.

If you have studied, you’ll do well in today’s test.

Instead of will, we can also use other modals or the imperative.

If you are going to the party, you can take this cake I made.

If it’s too late, you should call me tomorrow.

I might/may study Spanish if I pass my English exam.

If you have finished, do the next task.

Unreal possibility, present and future

Second conditional: if+ past tense…would + bare infinitive

This is used to talk about unreal possibilities (things that are unlikely, impossible or hypothetical) in the present and in the future.

If I won the lottery, I would move to the seaside.

I’d get a new car if I had enough money.

If you weren’t having a lesson now, what would you be doing?

The use of the past here is called the unreal past.

Instead of would we can also use other modals:

If I won the lottery, I could leave my job.

I might feel happier if I went to another school.

Especially in formal English we can say: If I were …

If I were Prime Minister, I would introduce new laws against pollution.

The third conditional: if + past perfect …would have + past participle

We can’t change the past. When we want to imagine the past being different, we can talk about it using the third conditional.

If I had known about the party, I would have gone. (But I didn’t know and didn’t go)

We wouldn’t have been on time if we hadn’t run. (We ran. We were on time)

Numerals

Cardinal Numerals		Ordinal Numerals
0	zero, oh	1^st	(the) first
1	one	2^nd	(the) second
2	two	3^rd	(the) third
3	three	4^th	(the) fourth
4	four	5^th	(the) fifth
5	five	6^th	(the) sixth
6	six	7^th	(the) seventh
7	seven	8^th	(the) eighth
8	eight	9^th	(the) ninth
9	nine	10^th	(the) tenth
10	ten	11^th	(the) eleventh
11	eleven	12^th	(the) twelfth
12	twelve	13^th	(the) thirteenth
13	thirteen	14^th	(the) fourteenth
14	fourteen	15^th	(the) fifteenth
15	fifteen	16^th	(the) sixteenth
16	sixteen	17^th	(the) seventeenth
17	seventeen	18^th	(the) eighteenth
18	eighteen	19th	(the) nineteenth
19	nineteen	20^th	(the) twentieth
20	twenty	21^st	(the) twenty-first
21	twenty-one	30^th	(the) thirtieth
30	thirty	40^th	(the) fortieth
40	forty	50^th	(the) fiftieth
50	fifty	60^th	(the) sixtieth
60	sixty	70^th	(the) seventieth
70	seventy	80^th	(the) eightieth
80	eighty	90^th	(the) ninetieth
90	ninety	100^th	(the) one hundredth
100	one hundred/a hundred	101^st	(the) one hundredth and first
101	one hundred and one	1000^th	(the) one thousandth
1000	one thousand	100,000^th	(the) one hundred thousandth
100,000	one hundred thousand	1000000^th	(the) one millionth
1,000,000	one million

Примечание: в составе числительных перед десятками (а если их нет, то перед единицами) ставится союз and.

Числительные hundred, thousand, million не употребляются во множественном числе. Во множественном числе могут употребляться только соответствующие существительные. Например: hundreds of thousands of people.

Most fractions are expressed using ordinal numbers.

1/3 - a third

1/5 - a fifth

1/6 - a sixth

½ - a half

¼ - a quarter

¾ - three quarters

3 ½ - three and a half

2 ¾ - two and three quarters

Таблица неправильных глаголов

Неопределенная форма	Прошедшее время	Причастие прошедшего времени	Значение
arise awake be bear become begin bend bind bite blow break breed bring build burn burst buy cast catch choose clothe come cost creep cut dare deal dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling fly forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel knit know lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet mistake mow pay put read ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake shave shear shine shoe shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slide smell sow speak speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil spread spring stand steal stick sting stink strew strike string swear sweep swell swim swing take teach tear tell think throw understand upset wake wear weave weep win wind withdraw wring write	arose awoke was/were bore became began bent bound bit blew broke bred brought built burnt burst bought cast caught chose clothed came cost crept cut dared/durst dealt dug did drew dreamt/dreamed drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung/hanged had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knit knew laid led leant/leaned leapt/leaped learnt/learned left lent let lay lit lost made meant met mistook mowed paid put read rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shaved sheared shone shod shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid smelt sowed spoke sped spelt/spelled spent spilt/spilled spun/span spat split spoilt/spoiled spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank/stunk strewed struck strung swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought threw understood upset woke/waked wore wove wept won wound withdrew wrung wrote	arisen awoken been born become begun bent bound bit(ten) blown broken bred brought built burnt burst bought cast caught chosen clothed come cost crept cut dared dealt dug done drawn dreamt/dreamed drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone grown hung/hanged had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt knit(ted) known laid led leant/leaned leapt/leaped learnt/learned left lent let lain lit lost made meant met mistaken mown paid put read ridden rung risen run sawn/sawed said seen sought sold sent set sewn/sewed shaken shaven/shaved shorn shone shod shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slid smelt sown/sowed spoken sped spelt/spelled spent spilt/spilled spun spat split spoilt/spoiled spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk strewn/strewed struck strung sworn swept swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown understood upset woken/waked worn woven wept won wound withdrawn wrung written	подняться будить, проснуться быть нести, родить стать начать согнуть(ся) связать, переплетать кусать дуть (с)ломать выращивать принести строить жечь, гореть разразиться купить отлить ловить выбирать одеть прийти стоить ползти резать сметь иметь дело копать делать тащить, рисовать мечтать пить ехать есть падать кормить, заправлять чувствовать сражаться находить спасаться бегством бросить летать запретить забывать простить заморозить получить дать идти расти висеть иметь слышать прятать ударить держать причинить боль хранить стоять на коленях вязать знать положить вести прислониться прыгать учить оставить одолжить пустить, дать лежать осветить терять делать подразумевать встретить ошибаться косить платить класть читать ездить верхом звонить подняться бежать пилить говорить видеть искать продавать послать устанавливать шить трясти брить(ся) стричь светить обувать стрелять показывать сжимать закрывать петь погружаться сидеть спать скользить пахнуть сеять говорить ускорять читать по буквам тратить пролить прясть плевать расщепить портить распространиться вскочить стоять украсть уколоть, приклеить ужалить вонять усеять ударить нанизать клясться мести вздуться плыть качаться взять, брать учить рвать рассказать думать бросить понимать опрокинуть(ся) просыпаться носить ткать плакать выиграть заводить отозвать скрутить, сжать писать

133