I. Слова и выражения для повторения:

а) по разделам животноводства:

Cattle, cattle breeding, cattle breeder, dairy cattle, beef cattle, cow, pregnant cow, bull, heifer, calf (calves), meat, milk, whole milk, skim milk, veal, cowshed, barn, to dry off, to calve, calving pen, lactation, stanchion. Hog, pig, sow, brood (pregnant) sow, boar, pigsty, piggery, lit­ter, to farrow, farrowing pen, prolific, prolificacy. Sheep, ewe, lamb, ram, wool, mutton, to lamb, lambing pen, sheep- pen,

*overfeed-перекармливать

**harness - упряжь

- 71 -

mountain flock, lowground flock.

Horse, light horse, work horse, mare, brood mare, foal, stallion, to foal, foaling-box, stable.

Poultry, fowls, chicken, hen, cockerel, pullet, duck, goose (geese), turkey, incubator, table bird, to lay, laying season, laying batteries, egg laying, shell, to hatch, broody hen, setting, intensive system of keeping, semi-intensive system of keeping, free-range system of keeping.

Artificial Insemination, tried sire, inferior bull, infertility, semen, sperm, to dilute, diluent, to freeze, to store.

б) Термины, относящиеся ко всем разделам животноводства:

Animal husbandry, breeding of farm animals, domestic animals, li­vestock, a breed, kind, productive, healthy, proper, care, manage­ment, acre, average, yield, area, amount, live weight, supplementa­ry, quality, quantity, age, male, female, pound, birth, gain, sour­ce, content, scour, mature, valuable, common, growth, ration, thrif­ty condition, life, colostrum, dam, box-stall, udder, rate, sire, gestation, fair flesh, hand mating, available, breeding season, manger, water supply, vigorous, breeding condition, purebred, regi­on, to fatten in the dry lot, teat, newborn, enclosure, creep, di­sease, parasite, portable house, thin flesh, trough , hopper, pe­digree stock.

SYSTEMS OF BREEDING AND IMPROVING LIVESTOCK

(grading-up, purebreeding)

Much of the improvement of the conformation, type and producti­vity of domestic animals has been done through the use of carefully planned breeding systems.

The most common systems of breeding are grading-up, purebreeding crossbreeding, inbreeding and linebreeding.

- 72 -

Artificial insemination technique is known to be an extremely valuable aid in carrying out various mating systems; particularly if semen can be frozen, transferred and kept for long periods.

Grading-up and Purebreeding

These two systems of breeding involve the mating of animals of the same breed.

Grading-up is the process of improving herds and flocks by the continued generation-after-generation use of good purebred males on scrub females of the same breed. Grading-up is a common practi­ce in the production of commercial livestock.

Many of the breeders of livestock who produce animals or animal products such as milk, butter fat and wool for the market do not maintain purebred herds and many of them still have scrub females that are mated to inferior males. For most of these breeders the road to improvement lies in the use of good purebred sires on the scrub females they have. By means of careful selection of females in each succeeding generation and the continued use of purebred sires from the same breed, it is possible to fix the desirable qualities and to establish a herd of high grades. The value of this process of grading-up in swine has been shown by many experi­ments. Starting with scrub pigs, purebred sires were used for not less than three generations. This resulted in marked improvement in type and quality as well as in the rate of gain and that of feed required for 100 pounds of gain.

Purebreeding involves the mating of purebred sires and purebred females of the same breed. It is largely used in breeding pedigree stock.

Under both systems of breeding animals to be mated are selected according to their body conformation, vigour, growth rate and production records.

- 73 -

АКТИВНЫЕ СЛОВА И ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ

grade, grading-up, crossbreeding, inbreeding, linebreeding, to carry out, scrub, to fix, swine, to establish, production records, productivity, pedigree.

II. Выделите пройденные грамматические и лексические структуры в следующих предложениях; переведите.

1. То improve the breeds of cattle by means of the artificial insemination method one should use only outstanding bulls. 2. The semen to be used should be of the body temperature. 3. Nо improvement in the herd can be expected unless tried sires are used. 4. If the herd bull runs with the herd, it is difficult for the breeder to keep a breeding record showing when each cow is to calve. 5. Unlike the other farm animals sows can be bred for two litters a year. 6. Good silage can be made from legumes, provided the latter do not contain too much water. 7. Being in thin condition, ewes are unlike­ly to produce strong and healthy lambs. 8. If the mare had any trouble in foaling, she should be helped by the breeder. 9. The ewes providing the lambs with enough milk, it is best not to wean them until they are four or five months old. 10. The amount of feed to be given to the boar before and during the breeding season is known to vary with his condition. 11. The harder is the work the more concentrates should be given to the horse. 12. The best prac­tice is to feed the pregnant females some distance from the pen to force them to take exercise. 13. It is in cattle breeding that ar­tificial insemination is widely used now.

14. After foaling the mare was given some warm water followed by bran.

III. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What are the methods of improving livestock?

2. Why is artificial insemination a valuable aid to mating systems?

- 74 -

3. What is grading-up?

4. What are the results of the experiments on grading-up with swine?

4. What is purebreeding?

IV. Переведите на английский язык.

а) малорослое животное, закреплять, низкокачественный, свинья, родственное разведение, создавать, межпородное скрещивание,скрещивание в целях улучшения в пределах одной породы, высоко­качественный, чистопородное разведение, вести (проводить)

б) I. Имеются различные методы разведения сельскохозяйственных животных. 2. Метод разведения в целях улучшения в пределах одной породы широко используется при производстве товарного скота. 3. При этом методе самки низкого качества спариваются с чистопородными производителями. 4. Такое спаривание прово­дится поколение за поколением. 5. Оно приводит к заметному улучшению качества потомства.6.Спаривание чистопородных производителей и чистопородных самок одной породы называется чистопородным разведением.

в) I. Задача разведения сельскохозяйственных животных состоит в том, чтобы улучшить их качество или создать новую породу. 2. Улучшение качества сельскохозяйственных животных означает повышение их продуктивности. 3. Для создания высокопродуктив­ных чистопородных племенных стад используют в основном метод чистопородного разведения. 4. Скотоводческие хозяйства, выра­щивающие животных на мясо и для получения молока, нуждаются в высокопродуктивных стадах, которые создаются ими с помощью межпородного скрещивания. 5. Чистопородное разведение, как известно, в основном используется для получения племенных животных.

- 75 -

VI. Прочтите текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы по-английски (по-русски).

1. What is a breed?

2. What are the three ways of establishing modern breeds?

Breed

A breed of livestock is a group of animals within a species* that has the characteristics not found in other animals of the same species. Generations of selective breeding have fixed these characteristics so that they are transmitted from generation to generation.

Modern breeds have been established in three ways:

1. By mating imported males with the unimproved native females. For instance, the Thoroughbred breed of horses was developed in the 18^th century by crossing improved Arabian and Turkish stallions with the native mares of England.

2. By systematically selecting and mating the original stock. Belgian horses, for instance, have been obtained in a pure line from the old Flemish horse.

3. By crossing two or more different breeds and then by ma­king selections. The Corriedale breed of sheep was developed in New Zealand by crossing Lincoln and Leicester rams with Merino ewes.

*species- разновидность, вид

- 76 -

LESSON 22

ТЕМА: SYSTEMS OF BREEDING AND IMPROVING

LIVESTOCK (РАRТ II) ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА:

I. Повторение пройденных грамматических конструкций и лексики